1. Minnesota First Detectors Thousand Cankers Disease What is it? Where is it? Why do we care? What should we be do about it now? Kathleen Alexander, Boulder, CO

2. Minnesota First Detectors Thousand Cankers Disease What is it? A disease of some walnut trees that is caused by an insect and a fungus Where is it? In western and southwestern areas of the United States Why do we care? Because if it spreads eastward, it may threaten native eastern black walnut in several states What should we do about it now? Be aware - recently discovered, still many unanswered questions

3. Minnesota First Detectors Juglans susceptibility - Tentative LeastModerateVery Arizona walnut (Juglans major) Northern California black walnut (J. hindsii) Eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra) Little walnut (Juglans microcarpa) California black walnut (Juglans californica) English walnut (Juglans regia) ??? Butternut (Juglans cinerea) ??? Thousand Cankers Disease: What is it? Two occur in Minnesota – J. cinerea, J. nigra A disease of some walnut trees (Juglans species)

4. Minnesota First Detectors ….. caused by a tiny insect that feeds and tunnels in the inner bark of the trunk and branches Walnut twig beetle Pityophthorus juglandis Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org T unneling Entry / exit holes W. Cranshaw, Colorado State Univ. www.forestryimages.orgwww.forestryimages.org Thousand Cankers Disease: What is it?

5. Minnesota First Detectors The walnut twig beetle introduces a fungus - Geosmithia morbida that kills the bark and phloem, causing a canker Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Jim LaBonte, OR Dept. Agric. “Canker: A visible dead area, usually of limited extent, in the cortex or bark of a plant.” (Tainter & Baker, 1996) Thousand Cankers Disease: What is it?

6. Minnesota First Detectors Cankers coalesce, eventually girdling and killing the branch or trunk Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University Thousand Cankers Disease: What is it?

7. Minnesota First Detectors Yellowing & wilting foliage, followed by branch dieback & death may occur in susceptible species Kathleen Alexander, City Forester, Boulder, CO Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University Thousand Cankers Disease: What is it?

8. Minnesota First Detectors 20 10 Thousand Cankers Disease: Where is it? States in red & Tennessee Original host, Arizona walnut Juglans major Confirmed July 2010

9. Minnesota First Detectors  Black walnut dieback for 2+ years.  TCD confirmed July 2010.  TCD confirmed in 4 counties.  Surveys initiated in neighboring states. Urban settings news.tennesseeanytime.or g/node/5926 news.tennesseeanytime.or g/node/5926 1 st report in native range Knoxville, TN Source: M. Mielke NCFPW 2010 Thousand Cankers Disease: Where is it? KY NC GA VA MO MSAL

10. Minnesota First Detectors …because it threatens eastern black walnut in its native range & there is no control Thousand Cankers Disease: Why do we care?

11. Minnesota First Detectors 5.9 million Thousand Cankers Disease: Why do we care?

12. Minnesota First Detectors United States  1.9% total hardwoods available commercially  net volume growing stock valued at > $500 billion  exports to 67 countries  annual average value of export is $325 million Minnesota  1-2 million board feet harvested annually  0.1% of volume of all wood harvested  $3 million = 5% of $60 million total stumpage value for all wood harvested Thousand Cankers Disease: Why do we care? Impacts on wood products industries

13. Minnesota First Detectors Ecologic  Harder to measure  Nuts as food for wildlife – squirrels, beavers, red-bellied woodpeckers  Important species of riparian corridors  Bark used for medicine, dye Social  Culture around walnuts for food Thousand Cankers Disease: Why do we care? Other impacts

14. Minnesota First Detectors National Response Framework for Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) on Walnut Prepared by: TCD-Technical Working Group To coordinate response among government, non-government & private stakeholders Thousand Cankers Disease: What should we do?

15. Minnesota First Detectors PathwayEstimated approach rate USDA APHIS Pathway Assessment 2009 TimberLow: Production low in west; little shipped from west to east FirewoodLow to moderate: Firewood distributors, long distance campers Wood packing material (WPM) Low to moderate: WPM with most domestically shipped commodities, 1.2 billion pallets in circulation Nursery stockLow: No reports of infested nursery stock Scion woodLow: Revised breeding programs in west to prevent spread Natural spreadLow: Walnut twig beetle flies 1-2 miles; carried by wind Minimize introduction risk potential pathways? Thousand Cankers Disease: What should we do? PREVENTION

16. Minnesota First Detectors Regulation Outreach Early detection Thousand Cankers Disease: What should we do? Tools for prevention

17. Minnesota First Detectors Thousand Cankers Disease: What should we do? Who regulates? Infested western states? No APHIS? Not at this time Eastern states? Yes Regulation

18. Minnesota First Detectors Source: E.Borchardt, MN Dept. Agric. Exterior quarantines Interior quarantine Thousand Cankers Disease: Regulation State Quarantines ?

19. Minnesota First Detectors  Newsletter articles, websites  Telephone, email, visits  Presentations  First Detector network  Partner organizations  Mill owners  Loggers  Landowners  Tree care companies  Nurseries Photos courtesy of Mike Greenheck, Forest Field Day, Gorman Creek Farm, Kellogg, MN, October 2010 Thousand Cankers Disease: What should we do? Outreach

20. Minnesota First Detectors  TCD tree takedown workshops  First detector training  Visual surveys & sampling from suspect trees  Site solicitation efforts Thousand Cankers Disease: What should we do? Early Detection

21. Minnesota First Detectors Early Detection: Does your black walnut have TCD? Early symptoms (late June to late August) Area of thinning crown Yellow or wilting leaves Leaves smaller than healthy leaves Attached brown leaves

22. Minnesota First Detectors Rapid wilting Early Detection: Does your black walnut have TCD? Actively declining crown symptoms Little live crown on trees affected previous season Limbs die in 1 season Cankers on branch below wilting foliage

23. Minnesota First Detectors Early Detection: Does your black walnut have TCD? Late symptoms Many tiny holes on branches >1.5 inches Galleries and meandering tunnels Large dead areas on branches & stems Small cankers in inner bark if scrape away outer bark

24. Minnesota First Detectors Early Detection: Does your black walnut have TCD? What else may be confused with Thousand Cankers Disease? Anthracnose Fusarium cankers - similar decline Other beetles Hail injury, storm damage Squirrel girdling of branches Nectria cankers

25. Minnesota First Detectors POTENTIAL TREES FOR 2010 THOUSAND CANKERS DISEASE TARGETED SURVEY (Minnesota) Dieback in Black Walnut Observed between mid-June and late August 2010 Please return by mail, email or fax to one of the following locations: Jennifer Juzwik / Mike Ostry/Paul CastilloKathy Kromroy USDA Forest Service, 1561 Lindig St.Minnesota Dept. of Agric., Plant Protection Division St. Paul, MN 55108625 Robert Street North, St. Paul, MN 55155-2538 E-mail: jjuzwik@fs.fed.us or mostry@fs.fed.us Kathryn.Kromroy@state.mn.usjjuzwik@fs.fed.usmostry@fs.fed.usKathryn.Kromroy@state.mn.us Facsimile: (651) 649-5040Facsimile: (651) 201-6108 Telephone: (651) 649-5114 (JJ) and (651) 649-5113 (MO) Telephone: (651) 201-6343 OR Please enter information on-line using the US Forest Service, NA S&PF “survey monkey” at: http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/thousandcankers http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/thousandcankers SUBMITTER’s CONTACT INFORMATION:Date of submission: LANDOWNER OR LAND MANAGER INFORMATION: JUGLANDACEAE INFORMATION: Please fill in the section with as much information as you have DESCRIPTION OF THE SITUATION Thousand Cankers Disease: What should we do? Targeted survey for thousand cankers disease of walnut in Minnesota: USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station and the Minnesota Department of Agriculture

26. Minnesota First Detectors Acknowledgements  Jenny Juzwik, Mike Ostry, Paul Castillo. USFS Northern Research Station  Manfred Mielke. USFS State & Private Forestry  Keith Jacobsen, Lance Sorenson, Don Deckard, MN DNR  Mike Greenheck, grower, Gorman Creek Farms, Kellogg MN  Mel Baughman, Angie Gupta, UM Extension