1. Biology L111: Evolution and Diversity Instructor: Michael J. Wade AIs: Tiffany Clark Harald Parzer The Thursday Discussion section 14008 that meets at 11:15A-12:05 on Thursdays in JH 440 has been moved to JH 248 at the same time and day.

4. The Thursday Discussion section 14008 that meets at 11:15A-12:05 on Thursdays in JH 440 has been moved to JH 248 at the same time and day.

5. Class Website http://www.indiana.edu/~mjwade/L111/ Postings of Syllabus, Discussion Questions, Lecture Notes, and Grades http://www.indiana.edu/~mjwade/L111/

6. Outline for Week 1 What is Science? What is Science? What do scientists do? What do scientists do? What is Biology? What is Biology? What is Life? What is Life? Evolution by Natural Selection explains Evolution by Natural Selection explains Two Fundamental Patterns of Nature Two Fundamental Patterns of Nature Adaptation Adaptation Diversity Diversity Logic of Darwin’s Theory Logic of Darwin’s Theory

7. What is Science? From Latin scientia = “to know” From Latin scientia = “to know” Science is a way of viewing the world that focuses on objective information, and putting that information to work to build an understanding of processes acting in the natural world to cause patterns. Science is a way of viewing the world that focuses on objective information, and putting that information to work to build an understanding of processes acting in the natural world to cause patterns. Scientists test hypotheses using observations, manipulations or experiments, or mathematical models. Scientists test hypotheses using observations, manipulations or experiments, or mathematical models.

8. What Scientists Do All science begins with observations about the natural world; scientists are ‘pattern detectors.’ All science begins with observations about the natural world; scientists are ‘pattern detectors.’ Scientists suggest an hypothesis to explain or to account for the pattern of observations. Scientists suggest an hypothesis to explain or to account for the pattern of observations. Scientific hypotheses must be falsifiable (i.e. testable) Scientific hypotheses must be falsifiable (i.e. testable) Experiments are used to test an hypothesis, and/or to eliminate one or more competing hypotheses. Experiments are used to test an hypothesis, and/or to eliminate one or more competing hypotheses. In a controlled experiment, all variables, but one, are kept constant. In a controlled experiment, all variables, but one, are kept constant.

9. Theory ≠ Hypothesis Theory = Tested and Supported Hypotheses In science, a theory is: In science, a theory is: A set of hypotheses with supporting evidence. A set of hypotheses with supporting evidence. A body of interconnected concepts, supported by mathematical or logical reasoning and experimental evidence. A body of interconnected concepts, supported by mathematical or logical reasoning and experimental evidence. This is different from the colloquial use of “theory” This is different from the colloquial use of “theory” Opinion-based rather than evidence-based. Opinion-based rather than evidence-based. A hunch, a guess, or a belief about cause and effect. A hunch, a guess, or a belief about cause and effect. Scientific Theories are constantly compared with new physical discoveries and experimental results. New Theories explain MORE not LESS.

10. Process of Science Figure 1.4 Hypothesis 5 becomes part of “Theory” X X Rejected Hypotheses Are NOT part of Theory Many Lines of Supporting New Evidence

11. From Greek bios = life and ology = science or study of From Greek bios = life and ology = science or study of What is Life? Seven Basic characteristics of living organisms: Seven Basic characteristics of living organisms: cellular organization cellular organization Sensitivity and response to the environment Sensitivity and response to the environment growth, development, and reproduction growth, development, and reproduction energy utilization energy utilization evolutionary adaptation or ‘fit to the environment’ evolutionary adaptation or ‘fit to the environment’ homeostasis homeostasis DNA and RNA, replication and information DNA and RNA, replication and information Biology is the Study of Life

12. Hierarchical Organization of Life Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CELLULAR LEVEL Atoms Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell ORGANISMAL LEVEL Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Fig. 1.2 POPULATIONAL LEVEL Population Species Community Ecosystem Darwin

13. Evolutionary Biologists: 1] Identify patterns in the diversity of life, especially puzzling ones, that appear to be problematic for the theory. 2] Hypothesize processes or forces that might be creating those patterns. They provide an explanation for the pattern in terms of one or more of the five evolutionary processes. 3] Test the adequacy of their hypotheses by experimentation and by further study of the history of life.

14. The term, “evolution,” appears many times a week in national newspapers, like the Washington Post. 1.NATIONAL FIREARMS MUSEUM -- Permanent exhibits tracing the evolution of firearms and their role in the history of the United States. Open daily 10 to 4. National Rifle Association, 11250 Waples Mill Rd., Fairfax. 2. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HEALTH & Medicine -- Open indefinitely: "Evolution of the Microscope"; Open daily 10 to 5:30. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Building 54, 6900 Georgia Ave. NW. 3. THE ART BEAT: Review of Braswell’s stage musical, "Paying the Price" which debuts at the Kennedy Center on Labor Day The play, says Braswell, recounts his father's evolution from a happy-go-lucky enlistee to a battle-weary prisoner of war in Romania.

15. In colloquial contexts, “evolution” is a synonym for “change over time.” Usually, the change is “for the better,” so that evolution is interpreted to mean “improvement with time.” Evolution is a process of change and it does result in adaptation over time. But, NOT all change is evolution and adaptation is NOT always improvement.

16. Change Change in Kinds in Numbers Pleistocene (2 mya) Today 14 species of elephants 3 species # declined 3-4 species of hominid 1 species # increased 50 species of Hawaiian > 500 species # did not change Drosophila (fruit flies) Evolution Ecology

18. Ecology: Study of the change in the numbers and distribution of organisms. Evolution: Study of the change in the kinds of organisms.

19. Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection is the corner stone of modern biological science. "Nothing in biology makes sense but in the light of evolution.” Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975) Evolutionary Geneticist Genetic Model of Speciation

20. Charles Robert Darwin Born 1809 Voyage of the H. M. S. Beagle December, 1831- October, 1836 On the Origin of Species (1859)

21. Two Patterns of the Nature Adaptation: Adaptation: The remarkable “fit” between organisms and environment. The remarkable “fit” between organisms and environment. The Diversity of Organisms: The Diversity of Organisms: Why there are so many different species (5 to 50 million living species)? Why there are so many different species (5 to 50 million living species)? Fossil record indicates that >99% of species that have ever existed are extinct Fossil record indicates that >99% of species that have ever existed are extinct 500,000 beetle species alone 500,000 beetle species alone