1. Human Body Systems

2. In Pg. 76
What are 3 systems found in the human body?
Answer:

3. Do it Now Pg. 76
Which system helps the skeletal system move?
Answer:

4. Pg. 77 Title Page – no color no points
Pg. 77 Title Page – no color no points. Point Value – 500pts – All or nothing.
Draw figure 34.1 pg. 894 label all parts and write out fully what is said by letters A,B,C,D & E.
Draw and label figure 34.6 pg. 900.
List and explain what the joints are and what they do using figure 34.7 on pg. 901 – no you do not have to draw them but if you do extra credit of 100pts.
Draw figure list all of the muscle types and explain what they do using the explanation in full by letters A, B & C on page 905
Draw the entire diagram on page 908 figure write down everything from letters A, B & C Make sure you draw the pictures of resting and contracted muscle that are under the main picture.
Explain what happens during a muscle contraction – answer can be found on page 906 – this should be a minimum of 7 sentences.
Explain how a bone heels its self from injury. Pg this should be a minimum of 7 sentences.

5. Do it again Pg. 76
Look back at your title page, what are the four types of joints? (book page 901)
Answer:

6. Out Pg. 76
Look back at your title page, what are the three types of Muscle? (Book Page 905)
Answer:

7. IN Pg. 78 What were three things you did over spring break this year?
Answer:

8. Do it now: How can you improve your grade in the fourth quarter?
Answer:

9. Tissues, Integumentary, Skeletal and Muscular systems.
Notes Pg. 79
Tissues, Integumentary, Skeletal and Muscular systems.

10. Organization & Integumentary System
Human Body
Organization & Integumentary System

11. What are the Levels of Organization?
All organisms are made of cells
Cells are organized into functional units called tissues
Groups of tissues that perform specialized functions are called organs
Each body organ is part of an organ system
Organ systems work together to carry out major life functions of an organism
Summary: cells  tissues  organs  organ systems  organism

12. What are Cells? The human body is made up of trillions of cells
Cell types: epithelial cells, muscle cells, bone cells, blood cells, and nerve cells

13. What are Tissues? Cells function together to form tissues
Four basic tissues: epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue
Muscle tissue is contractile & is found attached to bones and in the walls of organs
Epithelial tissue provides a protective outer covering, such as skin
Connective tissue is widely distributed throughout the body – it produces blood and provides support, binding, and storage
Nervous tissue transmits impulses that coordinate, regulate, and integrate body systems

14. What are Organs?
Groups of tissues that perform specialized functions are called organs.
Examples: stomach, eyes, heart, lungs, etc.

15. What are Organ Systems?
An organ system contains a group of organs that work together to carry out major life processes.
Eleven major organ systems:
Skin (Integumentary), skeletal, muscular, digestive, endocrine, nervous, respiratory, circulatory, urinary, reproductive, and lymphatic

16. What is the Integumentary System? – The Skin
Structure & function of skin
Includes four types of body tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
Two layers: epidermis & dermis

17. What is the Epidermis?
The outermost layer of skin that covers the body
Made of two parts – exterior & interior
Exterior
25 – 30 layers of dead, flattened cells
Cells are continually shed
Contain keratin – protein that helps protect living cells in the interior epidermis and contributes to the skin’s elasticity
Interior
Contains living cells that continually divide to replace dead cells.
Contain melanin – pigment that colors the skin and protects the cells from damage by solar radiation
Newly formed cells are pushed toward the surface and die and are shed once they reach the outermost layer.
Every four weeks all of the epidermis are replaced by new cells.

18. What is the Dermis? The inner, thicker portion of the skin
Thickness varies in different parts of the body
Contains blood vessels, nerves, nerve endings, hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands
Hairs grow from hair follicles, which are supplied with blood vessels and nerves and are attached to muscle tissues
Most have an oil gland – when oil and dead cells block the opening of the follicle, pimples form

19. What are the Functions of Skin
Regulation of body temperature
When body heat rises, blood vessels dilate, blood flow increases, and heat is lost by radiation
When you are cold, blood vessels constrict to conserve heat
Sweating – evaporative cooling
Sense organ
Nerve cells in the dermis receive stimuli from the external environment and relay information about pressure, pain, and temperature to the brain
Producing essential vitamins
When exposed to UV light, skin produces vitamin D, which helps in calcium absorption
Protection
Skin shields the body from physical and chemical damage and from invasion by microbes

20. How does Injury & Healing effect the body?
Damage to the epidermis: cells divide to help fill the gap left by an abrasion
Damage to the dermis
Blood clots and a scab is formed
prevents bacteria from entering & causing an infection
Dilated blood vessels allow infection-fighting white blood cells to get to the wound site
Skin cells beneath the scab begin to multiply and fill the gap
Scab falls off to expose newly formed skin
Large wounds:
Dense connective tissue fibers are used to close the wound and may leave a scar.

21. What are Burns? 1st degree – death of epidermal cells, redness & pain
2nd degree – damage to dermal cells, blistering & scarring
3rd degree – destroy epidermis and dermis, skin function is lost and skin grafts may be required to replace lost skin

22. What is Aging? Skin becomes drier Elasticity decreases – wrinkles
These changes can be accelerated by prolonged exposure to the sun

23. Skeletal & Muscular Systems
Human Body
Skeletal & Muscular Systems

24. What is Skeletal System Structure?
206 bones
Axial skeleton = skull & supporting bones (spinal cord, ribs, sternum)
Apendicular skeleton = bones associated with arms and legs

25. What is Bone structure? Bone cells = osteocytes Two types of bone:
Compact bone = solid & hard
Spongy bone = holes & spaces

26. What are Joints? Where 2 or more bones meet Held together by ligaments
Attach bone to bone
Higher range of motion = more ligaments
Cartilage cushions joints & allows smooth movement
Bursae = absorb shock & cushion bones (shoulder & knee)
Tendons attach muscle to bone

27. What are the types of Joints?
Fixed = no movement
Skull
Ball-and-socket = rotational movement
Shoulder, hip
Pivot = bones twist around each other
Elbow (radius)
Hinge = back & forth movement
Elbow, knee
Gliding = slide past eachother
Hands & feet

28. How is the Formation & Growth of Bones Achieved?
Bone begins to form 9th week of fetal development
Calcium salts are deposited from bloodstream to harden bone cells
Bones grow longer at the ends
Cartilage plates
Bones grow thicker at the outer surfaces.
By age 20, 98% of your skeletal growth is complete
Once growth stops, bone-forming cells repair and maintain bones

29. What is the Skeletons Function?
Framework for body tissues
Protection for internal organs
Ribs, skull
Production of blood cells
Red marrow
Storage
Yellow marrow = fat
Minerals (Calcium)

30. How does Injury & Disease Happen?
Sprain = forceable twisting of a joint
Fractures
Arthritis = inflamation of joints
Osteoporosis = loss of bone density
Bones become more brittle with age

31. What is the Muscular System?
Nearly half of your body mass is muscle
Muscles = groups of fibers bound together
Almost all of the muscle fibers you have were present when you were born.

32. What are the Three Types of Muscle Tissue?
Smooth
Walls of organs & blood vessels
Involuntary
Function: squeeze
Skeletal
Attached to bones
Voluntary
Function: Movement
Cardiac
Makes up the heart

33. How does Muscle Contraction work?
Muscle fibers = long, fused muscle cells
Actin & Myosin  sarcomere myofibrils
Sliding filament theory
When signaled, actin filaments slide toward one another, shortening the sarcomere and causing the muscle to contract.

34. What effects Strength & Exercise?
Muscle strength depends on the thickness of muscle fibers
Exercise stresses muscle fibers and they become thicker
Cells need a constant supply of oxygen
Lactic acid buildup causes soreness

35. Do it again pg. 78
What are you going to do to make sure you work harder on your grade 4th quarter?
Answer:

36. Out Pg. 78
Why should you start to study for you Biology Final exam now that is given in JUNE?
Answer:

37. In Pg. 80
What are three types of Muscle?
Answer

38. Pg. 80 Do it Now
What are three types of Burns & what happens in each type of burn?
Answer:

39. Pg. 80 Do it again
How do bones heal themselves?
Answer:

40. Out Pg. 80
How does skin repair a cut?
Answer:

41. IN Pg. 82 What is Spongy Bone – use your book or vocabulary list.
Answer:

42. Do it now Pg. 82 How do bones grow – Use page 903 from your book.
Answer:

43. Pg. 82 Do it again
How do bones store minerals – Use page 904 in your book.
Answer:

44. Out Pg. 82
How do muscles grow?
Answer:

45. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

46. Path of food through the digestive system
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum and anus

47. Figure 14.11

48. Organs of the Digestive System
Figure 14.1

49. Processes of the Mouth Mastication (chewing) of food
Mixing food with saliva
Initiation of swallowing by the tongue
Sense of taste

50. Esophagus Passageway for food to stomach through the diaphragm
Conducts food by peristalsis – contractions in waves

51. Stomach Anatomy
Cardiac sphincter - prevents back-up of food into esophagus
Rugae – internal folds increase surface area
Food empties into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter

52. Stomach Anatomy
Figure 14.4a

53. Structure of the Stomach Mucosa
Figure 14.4b–c

54. Stomach Function Churns and secretes powerful digestive enzymes
Breaks food down to a liquid called chyme
Chyme enters small intestine in squirts, takes an average of 2 hours

55. Small Intestine The body’s major digestive organ
Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
Duodenum
Attaches intestine to the stomach

56. Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
Source of enzymes that are mixed with chyme in the duodenum
Intestinal cells
Pancreas
Gall bladder

57. Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
Figure 14.6

58. Villi of the Small Intestine
Fingerlike structures
Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
Figure 14.7a

59. Microvilli of the Small Intestine
Small projections of the plasma membrane
Found on absorptive cells
Figure 14.7c

60. Large Intestine
Larger in diameter, but shorter than the small intestine
Frames the internal abdomen

61. Large Intestine
Figure 14.8

62. Functions of the Large Intestine
Absorption of water
Eliminates indigestible food from the body as feces
Does not participate in digestion of food
Goblet cells produce mucus to act as a lubricant

63. Structures of the Large Intestine
Cecum – saclike first part of the large intestine
Appendix
Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis)
Hangs from the cecum

64. Structures of the Large Intestine
Colon
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Rectum – muscular end
Anus – external body opening

65. Pancreas
Produces digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food
Produces insulin
Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum

66. Liver Largest gland in the body
Connected to the gall bladder via the common hepatic duct
Produces bile for break-down of fats

67. Other Liver Functions Stores sugar as glycogen Filters blood of toxins
Recycles materials

68. Gall Bladder Stores bile from the liver by way of a duct
Bile is introduced into the duodenum in the presence of fatty food
Gallstones can cause blockages

69. Page 85 The Nervous System
You must make this into Cornell style notes – You must change every slide so it has a question in it, if not 0 / 100

70. The Nervous System & Senses

71. Neurons Neurons = nerve cells 3 Regions: Cell body = main part of cell
Dendrites = receive impulses
Axon = carries impulses away from cell body toward other nerve cells

72. 3 Types of Neurons Sensory neurons Interneurons Motor neurons
Carry impulses from the body to the spinal cord & brain
Interneurons
Process incoming impulses & send response impulses to motor neurons
Motor neurons
Carry response impulse away from brain & spinal cord

73. Neuron Communication Synapse Where two neurons connect
Transmits an impulses from the axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another

74. Parts of the Nervous System
Central nervous system (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nerves that carry messages to and away from the CNS

75. Regions of the Brain Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain stem
divided into two hemispheres
Conscious activities, intelligence, memory, language, voluntary movement, & senses
Cerebellum
Balance, posture, coordination
Brain stem
Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain (diencephalon)
Controls involuntary activities

77. The Peripheral Nervous System
Two divisions:
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

78. Somatic Nervous System
12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and all their branches
Relays information between the skin, CNS, and skeletal muscles (voluntary movment)
Reflexes = automatic, unconscious response
Impulses travel to the spinal column
Example: blinking

79. Autonomic Nervous System
Carries impulses from CNS to internal organs
Two Parts:
Sympathetic – controls internal functions during times of stress
Example: when you’re scared
Parasymphathetic – controls internal functions at rest

80. The Senses Eyes – sight Ears – hearing & equilibrium Nose – smell
Mouth – taste
Skin – touch

81. The Eye: Sight Sight depends on receptors that respond to light.
Retina – the thin layer of tissue made up of light receptors & sensory neurons
Sensory receptors:
Rods = dim light & peripheral vision
Cones = detailed color vision
No photoreceptor cells are at the optic disk, or blind spot

82. The Ear: Hearing & Balance
Outer (external) ear
hearing
Middle ear
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Ear bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
Auditory tube – equalize pressure; yawning
Inner ear
Balance & equilibrium

83. Hearing = a response to mechanical stimulation
Sound waves hit the eardrum  ear bones  oval window  impulse to brain

84. Taste & Smell Both senses use Chemoreceptors
Detect chemicals
Receptor organs are found in the roof of the nasal cavity (smell) & taste buds (taste)
Complementary senses – they work together
Taste Sensations:
Sweet – Sugars, Saccharine, Some amino acids
Salty - Metal ions
Sour - Acids
Bitter - Alkaloids

85. Skin: Touch Response to mechanical stimulation
Receptors are found in the dermis:
Thermoreceptors
heat & cold
Mechanoreceptors
pressure
Pain receptors
free nerve endings that detect pain

86. Respiratory and Circulatory System Pg. 87 in notebook
This must be done Cornell Style if you do not do these notes Cornell style you will receive a 0 / 100

87. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Chapter 37

88. The Respiratory System
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs – alveoli

89. Function of the Respiratory System
gas exchange between the blood and body cells
Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and humidify incoming air

90. The Lungs Each lung is divided into lobes Left lung – 2 lobes
Right lung – 3 lobes

91. Gas Exchange in the Lungs
Gases cross from the alveoli into the blood stream by diffusion
Oxygen enters the blood from the alveoli
Carbon dioxide leaves the blood & enters the alveoli

92. Process of Breathing Inspiration = air moves into the lungs
Diaphragm contracts
Air is pulled into the lungs
Lungs & chest cavity expand
Expiration = air moves out of the lungs
Diaphragm relaxes
Air is pushed out of the lungs

93. Non-respiratory air movements
Can be caused by reflexes, voluntary, or involuntary actions
Examples:
Coughing – clears lungs of debris
Sneezing – response to irritation
Laughing
Yawning
Hiccups

94. The Circulatory System
A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
Function:
deliver oxygen and nutrients
remove carbon dioxide and other waste products

95. Blood Blood is a type of connective tissue. 55% Plasma
Fluid portion of blood
44% Red Blood Cells
Contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen
Active for about 120 days
1% White blood cells
Protect the body from disease & foreign substances
Platelets
Help blood clot

96. Blood Groups Four human blood types – A, B, AB, and O
Antigens = proteins on the surface of blood cells
Stimulate an immune response in the body
Antibodies = proteins in the plasma
Correspond with different surface antigens.
Example:
Type A blood has A antigens & anti-B antibodies
Type B blood has B antigens & anti-A antibodies
Type AB blood has A & B antigens & no antibodies
Type O blood has no antigens, but anti-A & B antibodies

97. Blood Vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins
Carry blood AWAY from the heart
Thick & strong
Pressure
Capillaries
Tiny vessels with single-celled membranes
Veins
Carry blood back TOWARD the heart
Contain valves to prevent backflow

98. Major Arteries & Veins
Arteries are RED because they carry oxygenated blood
Veins are BLUE because they carry de-oxygenated blood

99. Major blood vessels Aorta Pulmonary arteries (2) Vena cava
Left ventricle to body
Pulmonary arteries (2)
Right ventricle to lungs
Vena cava
Enters right atrium
Pulmonary veins (4)
Enter left atrium
Coronary arteries & veins
Supply the heart with oxygen & nutrients

100. The Heart Located in the chest cavity between the lungs
About the size of your fist

101. Structure of the Heart Right and left side act as separate pumps
Four chambers
Right and left atria
Small chambers at the “top” of the heart
Receiving chambers
Right and left ventricles
Discharging chambers

102. Heart Valves Four valves allow blood to flow in only one direction
Valves open as blood is pumped through
Held in place by “heart strings”
Close to prevent backflow

103. This must be done Cornell Style for 100 points.
Immune System Pg. 89
This must be done Cornell Style for 100 points.

104. What is the immune system?
The body’s defense against disease causing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles

105. The First Line of Defense ~Skin~
The dead, outer layer of skin, known as the epidermis, forms a shield against invaders and secretes chemicals that kill potential invaders
You shed between 40 – 50 thousand skin cells every day!

106. What is The Fist Line of Defense ~Mucus and Cilia~
As you breathe in, foreign particles and bacteria bump into mucus throughout your respiratory system and become stuck
Hair-like structures called cilia sweep this mucus into the throat for coughing or swallowing
Don’t swallowed bacteria have a good chance of infecting you?

107. Why is The First Line of Defense ~Saliva?~
What’s the first thing you do when you cut your finger?
Saliva contains many chemicals that break down bacteria
Thousands of different types of bacteria can survive these chemicals, however

108. Why is The First Line of Defense ~Stomach Acid?~
Swallowed bacteria are broken down by incredibly strong acids in the stomach that break down your food
The stomach must produce a coating of special mucus or this acid would eat through the stomach!

109. Why is the body like a hollow plastic tube?
The food is digested within the hole in the tube, but it never actually enters into the solid plastic material.
Tube inner surface ~Digestive System~
Tube outer surface ~Skin~
Plastic interior ~Body~

110. Escherichia coli is common and plentiful in all of our digestive tracts. Why are we all not sick?
These bacteria are technically outside the body and aid in digesting material we cannot
Only if E.Coli are introduced in an unnatural manner can they break through the first line of defense and harm us

111. What is The Second Line of Defense ~White Blood Cells?~
If invaders actually get within the body, then your white blood cells (WBCs) begin their attack
WBCs normally circulate throughout the blood, but will enter the body’s tissues if invaders are detected
Video

112. What are the White Blood Cells ~Phagocytes?~
These white blood cells are responsible for eating foreign particles by engulfing them
Once engulfed, the phagocyte breaks the foreign particles apart in organelles called ________
Lysosomes
Where could invaders hide from phagocytes?

113. Cell before infection…
What are Viruses?
Viruses enter body cells, hijack their organelles, and turn the cell into a virus making-factory. The cell will eventually burst, releasing thousands of viruses to infect new cells.
…and after.
Cell before infection…

114. Why is The Second Line of Defense a ~Interferon?~
Virus-infected body cells release interferon when an invasion occurs
Interferon – chemical that interferes with the ability to viruses to attack other body cells
What happens to already infected cells?

115. Why are White Blood Cells ~T-Cells?~
T-Cells, often called “natural killer” cells, recognize infected human cells and cancer cells
T-cells will attack these infected cells, quickly kill them, and then continue to search for more cells to kill

116. Why is The Second Line of Defense ~The Inflammatory Response?~
Injured body cells release chemicals called histamines, which begin inflammatory response
Capillaries dilate
Pyrogens released, reach hypothalamus, and temperature rises
Pain receptors activate
WBCs flock to infected area like sharks to blood

117. What are the Two Divisions of the Immune System?
The efforts of the WBCs known as phagocytes and T-cells is called the cell-mediated immune system.
Protective factor = living cells
Phagocytes – eat invaders
T-cells – kill invaders

118. What are the Two Divisions of the Immune System? Continued????
The other half of the immune system is called antibody-mediated immunity, meaning that is controlled by antibodies
This represents the third line of defense in the immune system

119. What is The Third Line of Defense ~Antibodies?~
Most infections never make it past the first and second levels of defense
Those that do trigger the production and release of antibodies
Proteins that latch onto, damage, clump, and slow foreign particles
Each antibody binds only to one specific binding site, known as an antigen

120. How are Antibodies Produced?
WBCs gobble up invading particles and break them up
They show the particle pieces to T-cells, who identify the pieces and find specific B-cells to help
B-cells produce antibodies that are equipped to find that specific piece on a new particle and attach

121. What is Immunity?
New particles take longer to identify, and a person remains ill until a new antibody can be crafted
Old particles are quickly recognized, and a person may never become ill from that invader again. This person is now immune.

123. What is immunity?
Resistance to a disease causing organism or harmful substance
Two types
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity

124. What is Active Immunity?
You produce the antibodies
Your body has been exposed to the antigen in the past either through:
Exposure to the actual disease causing antigen – You fought it, you won, you remember it
Planned exposure to a form of the antigen that has been killed or weakened – You detected it, eliminated it, and remember it
What is this second type of exposure called?

125. What are Vaccines
Antigens are deliberately introduced into the immune system to produce immunity
Because the bacteria has been killed or weakened, minimal symptoms occur
Have eradicated or severely limited several diseases from the face of the Earth, such as polio and smallpox

126. How long does active immunity last?
It depends on the antigen
Some disease-causing bacteria multiply into new forms that our body doesn’t recognize, requiring annual vaccinations, like the flu shot
Booster shot - reminds the immune system of the antigen
Others last for a lifetime, such as chicken pox

127. Why do People Think the flu is no big deal?
Think again…
In 1918, a particularly deadly strain of flu, called the Spanish Influenza, spread across the globe
It infected 20% of the human population and killed 5%, which came out to be about 100 million people

128. Do we get all the possible vaccines we can?
Although the Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommends certain vaccines, many individuals go without them
Those especially susceptible include travelers and students
Consider the vaccine for meningitis, which is recommended for all college students and infects 3,000 people in the U.S., killing 300 annually
Link

129. What is Passive Immunity?
You don’t produce the antibodies
A mother will pass immunities on to her baby during pregnancy - through what organ?
These antibodies will protect the baby for a short period of time following birth while its immune system develops. What endocrine gland is responsible for this?
Lasts until antibodies die
Thymus
Placenta
Why doesn’t the mother just pass on the WBCs that “remember” the antigens?

130. What are Immune Disorders ~Allergies?~
Immune system mistakenly recognizes harmless foreign particles as serious threats
Launches immune response, which causes sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes
Anti-histamines block effect of histamines and bring relief to allergy sufferers