1. Microbiology

2. The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification. –Bacteria –Viruses –Fungi –Protozoa –Helminths (worms) –algae

3. Branches of study within microbiology Immunology Public health microbiology & epidemiology Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology Biotechnology Genetic engineering & recombinant DNA technology

4. Microbes are involved in Nutrient production & energy flow Decomposition Production of foods, drugs & vaccines Bioremediation Causing disease

5. Impact of pathogens Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases. 10 billion infections/year worldwide. 13 million deaths from infections/year worldwide.

18. Communicable disease – can be spread. Noncommunicable – cannot be spread from one person to another. Black Plague killed 200 million Small pox killed 1/3 of Europe in 1348.

23. Reservoirs of Infection Primary habitat in the natural world of a pathogen. Living reservoirs may or may not have symptoms. Vectors – living animal that transmits infectious disease. Nonliving reservoirs – soil, water

29. Bacteria

30. Binary Fission Reproduction One cell grows to about double its original size and then splits. –Dna replicates –divides

31. Shapes of Bacteria Coccus – spherical or oval shaped. -diplococcus: cocci in pairs -streptococcus: cocci in chains -tetrad: arranged in squares of 4 -sarcina: arranged in cubes of 8 -staphylococcus: random planes

33. diplococcus

34. streptococcus

35. Tetrad

36. sarcina

37. staphylococcus

38. Bacillus Rod-shaped bacteria

39. Bacillus

40. Bacillus under scanning electron microscope

41. Escherichia coli

42. Spiral 3 forms: vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

43. Vibrio cholerae

44. Spirillum

45. Spirochete

46. Identifying Bacteria Gram Positive Gram Negative Shape

47. Gram-Positive After being stained appears purple. Due to a peptidoglycan wall. Thicker wall

48. Gram-negative Appears red when gram stained. Picks up safranin stain. Thin wall.

49. How they use oxygen? Facultative anaerobe - Prefer to grow in the presence of oxygen, but can grow in an anaerobic environment using fermentation.

50. Strict Aerobe Cannot survive in the absence of oxygen.

51. Strict Anaerobe Generate energy by fermentation and are killed in the presence of oxygen.

52. Thioglycollate agar determines the oxygen relationship of a microorganisms. Contains: thioglycollic acid, cystine and 0.35% agar. The thioglycollic acid and agar prevent oxygen from entering the entire medium.

54. Autoclave Pressurized device designed to elevate temperature and pressure to sterilize material and solutions.

55. Media Liquid media Semi-solid media Solid media

56. Semi-solid media Can be used for motility testing.

57. Solid Media Contains more agar = where microbes grow. This enables the formation of colonies.

58. Different Media Grows all: Some agar grows everything. Differential media: Some shows different reactions. Selective media: Some can grow certain bacteria.

59. MacConkey Agar Differential media. Detects lactose fermentation.

60. Viewing Microbes Resolution(seeing detail) can be increased using immersion oil. Allows the light ray to go directly through the objective lens.

61. Gram Stain Fix microbe onto slide. 20 secs. Crystal Violet Rinse with water 15 secs. Iodine Rinse with water Alcohol rinse 20 secs. Safranin Rinse with water