1. Prenatal Development and Birth
Have you ever thought about what an absolute miracle your life is?
You began with two microscopic cells and NOW look at you! You are trillions of cells all working together to allow you to sit up, read, feel, digest, and even, when the time is right, make a miracle of your own.

2. Development begins with conception
Development begins with conception. Conception occurs when fertilization creates a zygote, a one-celled organism formed by the union of sperm and an egg.
Prenatal development is the process in which an embryo or fetus gestates during pregnancy, from fertilization until birth.

3. The Course of Prenatal Development
The prenatal period is divided into three phases:
Germinal Stage
A zygote is created through fertilization.
Within 36 hours, rapid cell division begins, and the zygote becomes a microscopic mass of multiplying cells.
This mass of cells slowly migrates along the mother’s fallopian tube to the uterine cavity.
On about the seventh day, the cell mass begins to implant itself in the uterine wall.

4. 2. Embryonic Stage
Most of the vital organs and bodily systems begin to form in the developing organism, which is now called an embryo.
Structures such as the heart, spine, and brain emerge gradually as cell division becomes more specialized.
Although the embryo is typically only about an inch long at the end of this stage, it’s already beginning to look human.

5. 3. Fetal Stage
The developing organism, now called a fetus, becomes capable of physical movements as skeletal structures harden.
Organs formed in the embryonic stage continue to grow and gradually begin to function.
Sex organs start to develop during the third month.
The fetus is far from being a passive passenger in its mother’s womb. It kicks, turns, flexes its body, somersaults, squints, and swallows, makes a fist, hiccups and sucks its thumb. It responds to both sound and vibrations, showing that it can hear and feel.

6. Stages of Prenatal Development
First month: Fertilization occurs. Zygote implants itself in the lining of the uterus.
Rapid cell division occurs. Embryonic stage lasts from 2 weeks to 8 weeks Nervous system begins to develop Embryo is 1/2 inch long

7. 6-Week-Old Embryo
(Rear View)
Embryo is just over half an inch long.
As shown in this photograph, the arms and legs are just beginning to grow, and the head area is extremely large compared to its size after birth.
The embryo is shown here in the amniotic sac, which is filled with fluid to protect it.

8. Heart and blood vessels form Head area develops rapidly Eyes begin to form detail Internal organs grow, especially the digestive system Sex organs develop rapidly and sex is distinguished Arms and legs form and grow Heart begins to beat faintly Embryo is 1 inch long and weighs 1/10 ounce
Two Months

9. Three Months
Head growth occurs rapidly. Bone formation begins to form rapidly. The digestive organs begin to function. Arms, legs, and fingers make spontaneous movements. Fetus is 3 inches long and weighs 1 ounce.

10. 4½-Month-Old Fetus Sucking Thumb
Fetus is about 10 inches long and weighs approximately 9 ounces. As shown in this photograph, the fetus shows the reflexive movement of sucking its thumb. This activity appears remarkably similar to thumb-sucking in neonates.

11. Six months
Eyes and eyelids fully formed Fat is developing under the skin Fetus is 14 inches long and weighs 2 pounds

12. Nine months
Fetus settles into position for birth
The average baby is more than 19 inches long and weighs nearly 7 pounds now, but babies vary widely in size at this stage

13. Miscarriage and Abortion
Causes
chromosomal abnormalities
viral or bacterial infections
abnormalities of reproductive tract.
severe trauma
Maternal Characteristics
Mother’s age
Infants born to adolescents are often premature and mortality rate of infants born to adolescents is double than that of one born to mothers in their 20s.

14. Nutrition
-Nutrition is very important too as children born to malnourished mothers are likely to be malformed.
Emotional states
-Stress during pregnancy leads to physiological changes and production of adrenaline
-Maternal anxiety during pregnancy.

15. Teratology and Hazards to prenatal Development
The field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects is called teratology. Teratogen is any agent that causes a birth defect.
The probability of structural defects is greatest early in the embryonic period. During the fetal period they are likely to stunt growth or create problems in the way organs function.
For example, brain is most vulnerable at days
after conception; eyes days; heart at days, and legs at days.

16. Maternal Diseases and Conditions
Rubella, syphilis and genital herpes are found to cause death or deformities in children born to mothers who are infected.
AIDS
Mothers can infect their offspring's:
during gestation across the placenta;
(2) during delivery through contact with blood or fluids;
(3) post-partum through breast-feeding.

17. Drugs
• Tranquilizers like thalidomide, taken for morning sickness are known to cause devastating effects on fetus.
e.g. if a woman took on day 26, an arm might not grow.
• Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a cluster of abnormalities that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy.
Environmental Hazards
Radiation can cause gene mutation, an abrupt but permanent change in genetic material. Even radiation from X-rays can affect the fetus.

18. head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal.
Stages of Birth: .
Stage 1
(average of hrs)
uterine contractions are mins apart and lasts up to a min; contractions come closer as it progresses increasing in intensity; and dilates the cervix to an opening of 4“ for baby to move from uterus to birth canal.
Stage 2
(lasts 1 and half hrs.)
head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal.
Stage 3/ Afterbirth
placenta, umbilical cord and other membrane are detached and expelled.

19. Delivery Complications
• Precipitate delivery is a delivery that takes place too rapidly - takes less than 10 minutes to be squeezed through the birth canal.
• If delivery takes too long, anoxia or the insufficient supply of oxygen to the infant can take place.
The breech position can cause respiratory problems and some cannot pass through the cervix and has to be delivered by a cesarean section

20. The Postpartum Period
It is a time when a woman’s body adjusts, both physically and psychologically, having completed the process of childbearing.
Physical adjustment:
Emotional and Psychological Adjustments:

21. Stages of Physical development
Name of the stage
Approximate age
1. Prenatal
or 300 days
Germinal Stage
weeks
Embryonic stage
weeks
Fetal stage
8/12 weeks birth
Birth
After an average days of 280 days.
2. Neonate
2 weeks after birth
3. Infancy
First two years
4. Early Childhood
From years
5. Middle Childhood
From Years
6. Later Childhood(Pre-puberty)
From years
7. Puberty
At an average of 12/13 years
8. Early adolescence
From years
9. Later Childhood
From years
10. Adulthood
From 20 and beyond.

22. Types of Physical Development
Cephalocaudal progression
Proximodistal progression
Develops from the head on down to the toes.
Develops from the central axis of the body on outward.
The infant has more motor control of the head than of the muscles lower down the body.
Trunk and shoulder movements occur earlier than separate arm movements.
Motor control follows this pattern: first the head; then the shoulders, arms, and abdomen, and finally the legs and feet.
Controls of the hands and fingers comes last.