1. Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Why Study Cell Biology?
The key to every biological problem must finally be sought in the cell, for every living organism is, or at some time has been, a cell. E.B. Wilson, 1925
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

2. Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Cells are Us
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

3. Cells are Us Cilia on a protozoan Sperm meets egg Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Cells are Us
Cilia on a protozoan Sperm meets egg
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

4. Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Red and white blood cells above vessel-forming cells.
Cells are Us
A person contains about 100 trillion cells. That’s 100,000,000,000,000 or 1 x 1014 cells.
There are about 200 different cell types in mammals (one of us).
nerve cell
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

5. CELL SIZE Smallest cell in the human body is the sperm cell
Largest cell in the human body is the egg cell

6. Most cells are small
1. Surface to volume ratio: cell has to be small enough to get
Waste out
Nutrients in
2. The nucleus can only control a certain size cell

7. Robert Hooke
Used a microscope to look at small object and coined the term “cells”
They looked like little boxes that monks lived in called “cells”

8. Anton von Leewenhoek
FIRST person to OBSERVE and DESCRIBE MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS and LIVING CELLS.

9. Matthias Schleiden : “plants are made of cells”
Theodor Schwann : “Animals are made of cells”
Schwann

10. Cell Biology
4/21/2017
The Cell Theory
The cell theory (proposed independently in 1838 and 1839) is a cornerstone of biology. Proposed by Rudolph Virchow
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
3. New cells come from preexisting cells.
*cells are different shapes and sizes based on their function
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

11. A Sense of Scale and Abundance – Bacteria on the Head of a Pin
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
A Sense of Scale and Abundance – Bacteria on the Head of a Pin
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

12. Two Fundamentally Different Types of Cells
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Two Fundamentally Different Types of Cells
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

13. Us vs. Them -Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Us vs. Them -Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

14. Organisms whose cell contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles are called EUKARYOTES
Organisms whose cells never contain (or lack) a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles are called PROKARYOTES

15. Major Divisions of the Eukaryotic Cell
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Major Divisions of the Eukaryotic Cell
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
CELL MEMBRANE
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

16. A rat liver cell (with color enhancement to show organelles)
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
A rat liver cell (with color enhancement to show organelles)
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

17. Cell Biology
4/21/2017
It’s Crowded In There
An artist’s conception of the cytoplasm - the region of a cell that’s not in the nucleus or within an organelle.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

18. Cell Biology
4/21/2017
It’s Crowded In There
A micrograph showing cytoskeleton (red), ribosomes (green), and membrane (blue)
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

19. Animal and Plant Cells Have More Similarities Than Differences
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Animal and Plant Cells Have More
Similarities Than Differences
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

20. Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Cellular Anatomy
We’ll start by seeing what role these parts play in making and moving proteins.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

21. Control center of the cell Surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
The Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores
DNA is in the form of chromatin which condenses down into chromosomes
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

22. Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

23. Ribosome
Ribosomes Are Not Surrounded by a membrane. They are the site of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (Production or Construction) in a cell.

24. The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Studded with ribosomes
Protein synthesis (about half the cell’s proteins are made here).
Protein movement (transport)
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

25. Smooth ER
SMOOTH ER IS NOT Covered with RIBOSOMES and processes LIPIDS and CARBOHYDRATES. The Smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of steroids in gland cells, the regulation of calcium levels in muscle cells, and the breakdown of toxic substances by liver cells.

26. Cystic Fibrosis Click here to see the article. Cell Biology 4/21/2017
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

27. Golgi Apparatus
Processing, Packaging and Secreting Organelle of the Cell that is made of flattened SAC
                             

28. The Lysosome Functions: Digesting food or cellular invaders
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
The Lysosome
Functions:
Digesting food or cellular invaders
Recycling cellular components
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

29. Cell Biology
4/21/2017
The Lysosome
This bacterium about to be eaten by an immune system cell will spend the last minutes of its existence within a lysosome.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

30. Many Diseases are Caused by Lysosome Malfunction
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Many Diseases are Caused by Lysosome Malfunction
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

31. Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Cellular Anatomy
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

32. Cell Biology
The Mitochondrion
4/21/2017
Think of the mitochondrion as the powerhouse of the cell.
Both plant and animal cells contain many mitochondria.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

33. Mitochondrial Diseases
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Mitochondrial Diseases
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

34. Mitochondria and Health
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Mitochondria and Health
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

35. Animal vs. Plant Cells – Chloroplasts Are a Big Part of the Difference
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Animal vs. Plant Cells – Chloroplasts Are a Big Part of the Difference
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

36. Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Cells In a Leaf
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

37. Cell Biology
4/21/2017
The Chloroplast
Think of the chloroplast as the solar panel of the plant cell.
Only plants have chloroplasts; they perform photosynthesis
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

38. Two Other Unique Features of Plant Cells
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Two Other Unique Features of Plant Cells
The central vacuole may occupy 90% of a plant cell.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

39. A Consequence of Cell Walls – the Great Strength of Woody Plants
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
A Consequence of Cell Walls – the Great Strength of Woody Plants
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

40. The Central Vacuole Controls Turgor Pressure
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
The Central Vacuole Controls Turgor Pressure
Flaccid – no water
Turgid – full of water
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

41. Cell Biology
4/21/2017
Cellular Anatomy
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

42. Cell Biology
4/21/2017
The Cytoskeleton
An animal cell cytoskeleton
The name is misleading. The cytoskeleton is the skeleton of the cell, but it’s also like the muscular system, able to change the shape of cells in a flash.
Maintains the shape of the cell
Aids in movement
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

43. A Cytoskeleton Gallery
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
A Cytoskeleton Gallery
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

44. The Cytoskeleton in Action
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
The Cytoskeleton in Action
A white blood cell using the cytoskeleton to “reach out” for a hapless bacterium.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

45. The Cytoskeleton in Action
Cell Biology
4/21/2017
The Cytoskeleton in Action
Cilia on a protozoan Beating sperm tail at fertilization
Smoker’s cough is due to destruction of cilia linking the airways.
G. Podgorski, Biol 1010

46. Cell membrane
The Cell Membrane is a complex barrier separating the cell from it's external environment. The "Selectively Permeable" Membrane regulates what passes into and out of the cell.

47. Cell Wall
Plant cells have a cell wall. A Cell Wall DOES NOT REPLACE the Cell Membrane; Cells with WALLS also have a CELL MEMBRANE.  Plant Cells are covered by a Rigid Cell Wall that lies Outside the Cell Membrane.