1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 22 Reaching Out: Cross-Cultural Interactions

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Patterns of Long-Distance Trade Silk roads Sea lanes of Indian Ocean basin Trans-Saharan caravan routes Development of trading cities, emporia Nomadic invasions cause local devastation but expand trade network  E.g. Mongols in China & Persia, 13 th c.

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Marco Polo (1253-1324) Example of long-distance travel to China with merchant father, uncle Served Mongol Khublai Khan Back to Venice, after 17 years Told account to fellow prisoner in Venice-Genoa conflict Great influence on European trade with far east

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 Travel and trade from the twelfth to the fourteenth century.

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Political and Diplomatic Travel Trade required diplomatic relations after 1000 CE Mongols, Christians saw Muslims as common enemy, 13 th century Pope Innocent IV invited Mongols to convert to Christianity  Mongols counter-offer: Christians accept Mongol rule or face destruction

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Diplomatic Travellers Rabban Sauma  Nestorian Christian Priest sent to Pope by Mongols in Persia, 1287, about proposed attack on Jerusalem  Did not win European support  1295 new leader of Persia accepted Islam Ibn Battuta (1304-1369)  Islamic scholar, worked in governments on extensive travel  Strict punishment given ;sharia law Lashes for alcohol, theft = cut off hand [still taught/done] Couldn’t get women of Maldive islands to cover breasts

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Missionary Travelers Sufi missionaries traveled in new Muslim lands, 1000-1500 CE Christian missionaries went with & after Crusaders  Roman Catholic priests went east to serve expatriate communities  John of Montecorvino traveled to China in 1291 Translated Biblical texts, built churches

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Cultural Exchanges Narratives, Stories  European troubadours sang Muslim-style love songs  European scientists learned from early Muslim, Jewish scientists

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Spread of Crops Citrus fruits, Asian rice, cotton Sugarcane  Muslims introduce crystallized sugar to Europeans  Demand increases rapidly  Europeans used Muslim way of having lots of slaves work sugarcane plantations

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Gunpowder Technologies Muslims, Mongols spread gunpowder Technology reached Europe by 1258

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Bubonic Plague The Little Ice Age, c. 1300 CE  Decline of agricultural output led to big famine  Bubonic Plague spread from south-west China Carried by fleas on rodents Mongol campaigns spread disease to Chinese interior

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Spread of Plague Mongols, merchants, travelers spread disease west 1346 Black Sea ports 1347 Mediterranean ports 1348 Western Europe

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Symptoms of the Black Plague Inflamed and discolored lymph nodes in neck, armpits, groin area  Buboes, hence Bubonic 60-70% mortality rate, within days of onset of symptoms Extreme northern climates less affected  Winter hard on flea population India, sub-Saharan areas unaffected  Reasons unknown

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Population Decline (millions)

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Socio-economic Effects Massive labor shortage Demand for higher wages Population movements Goverments attempt to freeze wages, stop serf movements  Riots result

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty Yuan dynasty collapsed, 1368, Mongols depart Poor orphan raised by Buddhist monks, rose through military ranks, became Emperor Hongwu Proclaimed new Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty, 1368-1644

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Ming Centralization Reestablished Confucian educational system Executed minister suspected of treason, began tradition of direct rule by Emperor Relied on emissaries called Mandarins Heavy reliance on eunuchs  Sterile, could not build hereditary power base Centralized structure continued to 1911 (Qing dynasty also)

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Economic Recovery Conscripted labor to repair, rebuild irrigation systems Promoted manufacturing of porcelain, silk Cultural revival  Attempt to eradicate Mongol legacy by promoting traditional Chinese culture  Emperor Yongle commissioned Encyclopedia (was 3,000-rolls long)

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Recovery in Western Europe: State Building China: centralized Empire Europe: stronger regional states Europe developed new taxes  Italian states: bonds  France: salt tax, sales tax  England: hearth tax, head tax, plow tax Established large standing armies  French Louis XI (1461-1483) had army of 15,000

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Spain Fernando of Aragon marries Isabel of Castile, 1469 Major political and economic alliance Completed reconquista, expanded beyond Iberian peninsula to Italy Funded Columbus’ quest for China

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 The Renaissance, 14 th -16 th centuries “rebirth” of classical culture Italian artists used perspective Dissected cadavers; depicted real human anatomy and muscles  Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Architecture: domed cathedrals  Imitation of Roman domes

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 The Humanists Humanities: literature, history, moral philosophy Renaissance humanists deeply devoted to Christianity  Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) published critical Greek-Latin edition of New Testament Also wanted to rediscover classical Latin texts, often ignored in monastic libraries

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Humanist Moral Thought Rejection of monastic lifestyle in favor of morally virtuous life while engaged in the world  Marriage, business Reconciliation of Christianity with rapidly changing European society and economy

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Renaissance Europe and the Larger World Artists express interest in Byzantine, Asian worlds Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) tried to reconcile Plato, Aristotle, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism  Illustrative failure

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Exploration and Colonization Ming dynasty fearful of large foreign populations  Mongol experience  Allowed small populations in port cities Yongle engaged Admiral Zheng He to mount seven massive naval expeditions, 1405-1433 Placed trade under imperial control [like Incas] Demonstrated strength of Ming dynasty Expeditions were successful, but stopped as Mongols threatened the north

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Chinese and European voyages of exploration, 1405-1498.

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans Motives: “God, Gold, Glory” Portuguese early leaders in Atlantic exploration; had royally-funded school of navigation Searched for sea route to Indian Ocean basin Prince Henrique (Henry the Navigator) seized Strait of Gibraltar, 1415 Encouraged major Atlantic voyages

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Colonization of the Atlantic Islands Madeira, Azores Islands, etc. Invested in sugarcane plantations Explored west African coast Greatly increased volume of slave trade Ultimately, 12 million Africans taken to Americas for slave labor

29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Indian Ocean Trade Attempt to avoid using Muslim middlemen in trade with east 1488 Bartolomeu Dias sailed around Cape of Good Hope  1497-1499 Vasco da Gama sailed this route to India and back Portuguese gunships tried to maintain trade monopoly European imperialism in Asia began

30. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Cristoforo Colombo (Christopher Columbus) from Genoa, Italy Searched for western sea route to Indian Ocean Portuguese viewed his proposal impractical, rejected it Fernando and Isabel of Spain underwrote voyage, departed in 1492 Landed in San Salvador  Believed he had reached islands off coast of Asia