1. Mental Models : Theory and Application in Human Factors JOHN R
Mental Models : Theory and Application in Human Factors JOHN R. WILSON' and ANDREW RUTHERFORD, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
고려대학교
산업경영공학과
김보람

2. Mental Models : Theory and Application in Human Factors
Introduction
What are Mental Models? A Starting Point
Different Approaches in Ergonomics and Psychology
Mental Models and Theories of Knowledge Representation
Pictures in the Mind?
Use of Mental Models within Human Factors
Conclusions

3. 1.Introduction “Designing the machine to fit the human”
The importance of
employing knowledge of
the users’ mental models
in specifying the display

4. Is Mental Model Panacea?
1. Introduction
Theory
Mental Model theories developed and tested
by cognitive psychologist
Human factors literature on system design
Cognitive ergonomics
the application of psychological theories, models,
and findings to problem of user interface design
Is Mental Model Panacea?
We don’t know if it has utility as an explanation of mind and behavior
Difficulty
to matching
Application

5. 2. What are Mental Models? A Starting Point
Toffler
“ Every person carries within his head a mental model of the world
- a subjective representation of external reality”
Wickens
“hypothetical constructs that assist scientists in understanding behavior”
“Users’ conceptual models” “Conceptualization”
“Device model” “ Naive Theories”
Norman ＆Young
Designer’s conceptual model
of the target system
User’s mental model
of the system

6. 3. Different Approaches in Ergonomics and Psychology
Ergonomists Say
Rouse and Morris
“The mechanism whereby humans are able to generate
description of system purpose and form,
explanations of system functioning and observed system states,
and predictions of future system state”
Rasmussen
“Internal representations of environmental factors that determine
the interrelationships among observable environmental data”

7. 3. Different Approaches in Ergonomics and Psychology
Psychologist Say
Johnson Laird
“enable individuals to make inferences and predictions,
to understand phenomena, to decide
what action to take and to control its execution,
and above all to experience events by proxy”

8. 3. Different Approaches in Ergonomics and Psychology
1. One source of confusion between the psychological and human factors notions of mental models lies in what the concept is employed to describe
2. Another source of confusion, at least with respect to Rasmussen’s account
of mental models, is the claim that these are not psychological models but functional models
Ergonomists
Psychologists
Human factors it is the product of such processes that is of concern
Rasmussen intends to communicate the product
The attempt is to describe mental processes
Psychology is interested in both the function computed and
the representation and algorithm
(effective procedure) that compute the function
인간공학자와 심리학자 사이에 mental model의 viewpoint에 차이가 존재합니다.
이들 사이의 이런 Confusion은 첫째, 묘사하기 위해 어떤 개념을 적용시키느냐에 있다.
인간공학자는 인간의 knowledge의 처리(process)를 묘사하기 위해 시도하는 반면에
인간공학자는 Process에 대한 Product과의 mapping에 집중한다.
또 다른 이유로는, Mental model을 인간공학자들이 취할 때 하나의 심리학적 모델이 아닌,
기능적인 모델로 고려하기 때문에 이들 간의 혼란이 존재한다.
심리학자는 인간의 기능을 추정하는 표현이나 알고리즘에 관심을 가지는 반면,
인간공학자는 Product와 인간사이의 communication적인 측면에 관심을 가지고 있다.

9. 4. Mental Models and Theories of Knowledge Representation
Frame
Scenario
Script
Schema
Slot
Input slots with appropriate information which
From default value
Frame of Restaurant
Roles
Props
Customer
Attendance
Chef
Food
Menu
Table

10. 4. Mental Models and Theories of Knowledge Representation
Frame
Scenario
Script
Schema
Schemata
Mental model
Mental model
Schemata
Mental models are regarded as the utilization of such information in a computationally dynamic manner
schemata provide the procedures
from which mental models are constructed
Schemata are taken to be data structures in memory, which can be activated

11. “ ” 5. Pictures in Mind Internal representation
a catchall term used to refer to some activity or state
within the nervous system or a computer system
that represents or is a token for some other entity
Internal representation ⊃ Mental model
Propositional representation Analogical representation
Internal representation = Mental model
“Mental models are frequently pictorial or image like”
Visualization of system or more abstract data-processing models “ ”
forms of
behavior

12. 6. Use of Mental Models Within Human factors
They may be employed in general design guidance,
as in such exhortations as "know the user's mental model“
To summon up the idea of a "picture in the mind" or an "envisionment“
To test the effects of different levels of training or
task information on performance
used to estimate the complexity of system use
in order to enhance system design
Programmed intermediaries encapsulating "knowledge“ of the human user
In the explanation and description of behavior
Mental model be employed as a tool in design

13. 6. Use of Mental Models Within Human factors
The displays of a process or system must be compatible with operators' internal representations of the system
The displays themselves allow or determine that
certain mental models be built up
"interface design can influence the formation
of a user's mental model“
"the designer is obliged to ensure the users
have or construct an appropriate user model"

14. 7. Conclusions
The mental model notion is part of a continual theoretical development
It is regarded as a step on the way to an explanation of mind and behavior
Human factors community is often tempted (indeed needs) to go beyond
this to obtain a tool to apply in systems or product design

15. 7. Conclusions
Human factors researchers now agreed on terminology and notion
1. Designer’s conceptual model
- design’s representation of user
2. User’s conceptual model
- user’s representation of the system
3. User’s mental model
- descriptions of the user's internal representations
which are informed by theories from psychology

16. Thank You !