1. Text Structure Text structure introduction lesson EXPOSITORY
Fiction vs non-fiction
Oreo vs M&Ms
Text structure introduction lesson

2. Narrative vs. Expository
Review
“Begin at the beginning,’ the king said gravely,’ and go till you come to the end; then stop.’”
Lewis Carroll Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865), p. 12
Table of Contents Chapters Headings Graphics Index

3. What do you know about the word text? Where have you heard it before?

4. What do you know about the word structure
What do you know about the word structure? Where have you heard it before?

5. Now, let’s look at the outside structure.

6. Predict what is found inside each “box” below by looking at the outside of the box.
Cochran and Hain,

7. Size Shape Color Location
How did you infer what was in each box?
Size
Shape
Color
Location
Cochran and Hain,

8. Text is like a container: To figure out what’s in the text -
examine structure of the outside of the text
Cochran and Hain,

9. Which pattern tells a story? (Narrative)
Which pattern gives information? (Expository)
How can you tell?
XXXXXXX xx XXXXXX
I. Xxxxx
Initially, xxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxxxx xxx xx xxxx.
Xxxxx xx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxx. Xxxx, xxxxx, xxxx xxxxxx.
Xxxx Xxxxx
Xxxx, xxxx, xxx, xx:
Xxxx
Xxxxxxx xxx 1
XXXXXXX xx XXXXXX
As she lingered xxx xxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxxx. Xxxx, xxxxx xxxx xxxx! Xxxx xxxx xxxx. Xxxx! Xxxx! Xxxxxxx xxxx xxxx, xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx.
Xxxx xxxx, “Xxxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxx xxxxxxx xxx xx xxxxxxx xxxx?” 2
Cochran and Hain,

10. External text structures
Found outside the main body of text. They include:
Italics
Bold
Underlining
Indentation
Sidebars
Pictures and graphics
Headings and subheadings
Footnotes

11. Now, let’s look at the inside structure.

12. Why are you having a hard time figuring out what this it?
Can you tell what this is?

13. If you organize the parts inside the cabinet, you can better understand what it is.

14. Internal Text Structures Internal text structure is how the main body of the text is organized. It will be organized a certain way depending on its purpose.

15. Internal Text Structures Some text structures we will be studying.
Cause/Effect
Comparison/Contrast
Sequential or Chronological
Question/Answer
Problem/Solution
Flashback/Foreshadow
Fact/Opinion

16. 1. Sequence
Steps or directions are listed in numerical or chronological order
Some cue words: first, second, third, after, next, then and finally

17. Real life examples of Sequence Text Structure
Recipes
Science experiment steps
Directions to set up your computer
What steps should I follow to send a text message?
A “To-Do” list
Your turn! Now you come up with examples …

18. Sequence Example You can do an experiment to give yourself goose bumps
Sequence Example You can do an experiment to give yourself goose bumps. First, roll up your sleeve. Next, rub an ice cube up and down your arm until you start to shiver. Finally, you will see small bumps appear on your skin.

19. 2. Chronological
Events are listed in chronological order to tell a story or history.
Days, months, years, and seasons might be included.
Some cue words: beginning, birth, child, adult, death, end, middle

20. Real life examples of Chronological Text Structure
A timeline of your life
An agenda
A calendar
A history book
Your turn! Now you come up with examples …

21. Chronological Example When I was young, before I started school, I thought goose bumps came from geese. Later, when I started third grade, my teacher explained why we get goose bumps.

22. 3. Compare and Contrast
Explains how two things are alike and/or different
Often organized by a Venn diagram or “T” chart

23. Compare/contrast example Some people get goose bumps from fear
Compare/contrast example Some people get goose bumps from fear. Others get goose bumps when they are touched emotionally.

24. Real life examples of Compare/Contrast
How are the NBA and NFL alike?
Which is better, a hybrid or conventional car?
Which bank offers the best services for my money?
Who should I ask for money, Mom or Dad?
Your turn! Now you come up with examples …

25. 4. Cause and Effect
Lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects

26. Cause/Effect Example Goose bumps make me shiver
Cause/Effect Example Goose bumps make me shiver. When the temperature drops below 45 degrees, my skin crinkles into goose bumps.

27. Real life examples of Cause and Effect
What happens when you miss the bus?
What will occur if you forget to set your alarm?
Why don’t you have your homework?
What is the author’s purpose?
Your turn! Now you come up
with examples …

28. 5. Problem/Solution
Problem is stated and one or more solutions listed

29. Problem/Solution Goose bumps make me shiver, but they disappear as soon as I cover up with a jacket or sweater.

30. Real life examples of Problem and Solution
My friend doesn’t trust me - how can I get my friend to trust me again?
My sharpener doesn’t work very well. How can I invent a better pencil sharpener?
Reduce global warming
Your turn!

31. 7. Question/Answer
A question is posed and answer(s) follow

32. Question/Answer Examples
Q: What are goose bumps?
A: Goose bumps are the bumps on a person's skin at the base of body hairs which involuntarily develop when a person is cold or experiences strong emotions like fear.
Q: How do goose bumps form?
A: Goose bumps are created when tiny muscles at the base of each hair, contract and push the hair straight up.

33. Real life examples of Question & Answer
FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) links on a website
Dear Abby (also problem/solution)
Your turn! Now you come
up with examples …

34. 7. Description...
Topic is described by listing characteristics, features and examples
Also called ‘description’ or ‘list’

35. Real life examples of Description
I don’t like school for the following reasons:
Your turn! Now you come up with examples …

36. Description Example Goose bumps make me shiver
Description Example Goose bumps make me shiver. I get little bumps on my skin. They look like sesame seeds.

37. 8. Fact Opinion Fact – Can be backed up by research
Opinion – what someone thinks about the fact
In what unit did we study fact and opinion?

38. Fact/Opinion Example I hate the way that goose bumps make you feel but I really like the name!

39. 9. Foreshadowing and Flashback
This text structure is mainly used in Narratives.
Review: What is a narrative?
This will be further discussed in the actual lesson for these text structures.

40. So after all that, what is a text structure anyway?

41. Pattern(s) of organization used by writer to communicate ideas
Text Structure is …
Pattern(s) of organization used by writer to communicate ideas
More than one can be used at a time

42. So why is all this important anyway
So why is all this important anyway? Why do I have to learn all this stuff?

43. Writers use Text Structure to organize what they want to tell us.
Helping our brain to organize
Writers use Text Structure to organize what they want to tell us.
Readers use Graphic Organizers to organize the information to better understand what the writer is telling us.

44. Graphic Organizers Text Structure
Pattern of organization used by writer to communicate ideas
Writers often use more than one pattern in a single text
Pattern of organization used by reader to organize ideas
Reader’s choice of graphic organizer depends on the purpose for reading, the question asked, or the problem to be solved

45. Comprehension: Prediction:
If you can follow the pattern and figure out the text structure of a piece of writing, you can understand what you are reading in a more organized way.
Prediction:
Once you identify a text pattern, you can make predictions about what comes next. Effective readers actively make predictions about what is coming next.

46. 3. Memorization: 4. Writing: Once you understand the
text organization, it’s much
easier to store and recall
information.
4. Writing:
Once you become familiar
with text structures, writing is
easier to plan and organize
because you are following a
format -- you are filling in the
pieces to fit the pattern.
Comparison & Contrast Text
______ and ______ are similar in several ways. They both _____.
They also ______. Finally, both ________. Because of these similarities, we can _________.

47. Can a piece of writing have more than one text structure?
What do you think?
Can a piece of writing have more than one text structure?
A. Of course!
B. No way, silly!
C. Um, what was the question?
D. Text wha--?

48. Review What is text structure?
…a p_______________ of
o_______________ used by a
w_______________ to communicate ideas
attern
rganization
riter

51. _________________________________ has several specific characteristics
_________________________________ has several specific characteristics. One characteristic is _______________________. Another key characteristic is the ____________________________________, which influences how __________________. Another important trait is _______________. This is important because _______________ ____________________________________.

52. Here are the steps to follow to ___________________.
First, ________________________________________.
Second, _____________________________________.
Next,________________________________________.
It’s important to remember to ___________________.
The last step is to _____________________________.
By following these steps, you’ll be able to __________
____________________________________________.

53. ___________________and ______________________ are different in several ways. One difference is that _______________________________, while on the other hand __________________________________. Another way they differ is ______________________
___________________________________________.
In addition, ____________________, however, ___________________________________________.
In contrast, _________________________________.
These differences help us to see _________________
____________________________________________.

54. The cause of ___________________________________ is not easy to define
The cause of ___________________________________ is not easy to define. Some people think the cause is _____________________________________________.
Others believe the main cause is __________________.
Understanding the cause of ______________________ is important because ____________________________.

55. The problem of _______________________________ really boils down to the issue of _________________
______________________________________.
In the past, the common solution was to _________________
__________________________________________________. However, this was only effective in terms of _______________ _______________________. There are no other solutions that might work. One option would be to _____________________
__________________________________________________.
This would _________________________________________. Another option would be to ____________________________. This is ideal because __________________________________
_________________________________. These possible solutions are worth considering if we are to solve this issue in the near future.