1. Early Anatomy Studies

2. Early Asian Influence Huang Ti, “The Yellow Emperor”
Father of Chinese Medicine
-2600 BC , wrote “Canon of Medicine”
-Confucian doctrine considered dissection a defilement of the human body and forbade it.
-Still was able to determine blood of the body is under the control of the heart.

3. Greco - Roman Influences
Hippocrates, BC
-“Father of Medicine”
- Proponent of Humorism, focusing on restoring the balance of the “humors”
- Human body is filled with 4 substances:
Black bile (earth), Yellow bile (fire),
Phlegm (water), and Blood (air)

4. Egyptian Influence King Ptolemy I, 300 BC
-Allowed and often witnessed human dissections
-Encouraged physicians to dissect criminals
-Greek physician Herophilus (“Father of Anatomy”) moved to Egypt and performed scientific dissections of human cadavers. He supposedly even dissected living criminals obtained from the prisons of kings!

5. Greco - Roman Influences
Galen, AD
Greek physician (settled in Rome)
-Imbalance in humors related to disease
-Performed dissections on animals, but not human cadavers
-Anatomy studies dominated scientific thinking for almost two millenia

6. Renaissance Influences
Leonardo da Vinci,
- Detailed drawings of the human body.

7. Renaissance Influences
Andreas Vesalius,
Flemish physician
-Moved to Italy, where he taught and performed dissections on cadavers.
-1543, Published
“On the Structure of the Human Body”
-First accurate and detailed study of human anatomy
-Ended the influence of Galen.

8. Age of Enlightenment Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1632-1723
- Dutch scientist, “Father of Microbiology”
- detailed microscopic observations, including blood cells and germ cells.

9. Age of Enlightenment Jacques Fabien Gautier D’Agoty (1717-1785)
-French author/artist/printer
-Color studies of human anatomy

10. Body snatching in the 17th - 19th centuries
-“Resurrectionists” profited from stealing corpses and selling them to medical schools for dissection
-Anatomy Act of 1832 in England made body snatching a criminal offense

11. Toward Modern Anatomy

12. X-ray technology, 1895 - present
-Best for viewing hard, bony, and dense structures
“X-ray technology uses electromagnetic radiation to make images. The image is recorded on a film, called a radiograph. The parts of your body appear light or dark due to the different rates that your tissues absorb the X-rays. Calcium in bones absorbs X-rays the most, so bones look white on the radiograph. Fat and other soft tissues absorb less, and look gray. Air absorbs least, so lungs look black.”

13. Ultrasound techniques
“Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to look at organs and structures inside the body. Health care professionals use them to view the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, liver and other organs. During pregnancy, doctors use ultrasound tests to examine the fetus. Unlike x-rays, ultrasound does not involve exposure to radiation.
During an ultrasound test, a special technician or doctor moves a device called a transducer over part of your body. The transducer sends out sound waves, which bounce off the tissues inside your body. The transducer also captures the waves that bounce back. Images are created from these sound waves. “
1950’s - present

14. CT scans, 1970’s-present (Computed Tomography)
“Computed tomography (CT) is a diagnostic procedure that uses special X-ray equipment to create cross-sectional pictures of your body. CT images are produced using X-ray technology and powerful computers.
The uses of CT include looking for
•Broken bones
•Cancers
•Blood clots
•Signs of heart disease
•Internal bleeding
During a CT scan, you lie still on a table. The table slowly passes through the center of a large X-ray machine. The test is painless. During some tests you receive a contrast dye, which makes parts of your body show up better in the image.”

15. MRI, 1970’s-present (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
“Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a large magnet and radio waves to look at organs and structures inside your body. Health care professionals use MRI scans to diagnose a variety of conditions, from torn ligaments to tumors. MRIs are very useful for examining the brain and spinal cord.
During the scan, you lie on a table that slides inside a tunnel-shaped machine. Doing the scan can take a long time, and you must stay still. The scan is painless. The MRI machine makes a lot of noise. The technician may offer you earplugs.”

16. PET scans, 1970’s-present (Positron Emission Technology)
“A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that uses a radioactive substance (called a tracer) to look for disease in the body.
The PET machine detects energy given off by the radioactive substance and changes it into 3-dimensional pictures. The images are sent to a computer, where they are displayed on a monitor for the health care provider to read. The PET scan shows how organs and tissues are working.”

17. Fluorescent Proteins
Roger Tsien – Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2008)

18. MEDICAL IMAGING ANIMATIONS:
(short video animations of CT, MRI, Ultrasound, and X-Ray)
(animations of CT, PET, and other technologies)
(detecting asthma with an MRI)

19. HUMAN ANATOMY TERMS

20. Body Planes and Sections
Sagittal – longitudinal cut dividing right and left
Frontal (Coronal) - lengthwise cut dividing anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Transverse horizontal cut dividing superior (upper) and inferior (lower)

21. Orientation and Directional Terms
Anterior vs. Posterior – front vs. back
Superior vs. Inferior – above (toward head) vs. below
Medial vs. Lateral – toward midline vs. away from midline
Proximal vs. Distal – toward origin vs. away from origin
Superficial vs. Deep – toward surface vs. more internal

22. POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR

23. Abdominopelvic Surface and Cavity

24. REGIONAL TERMS

25. ANATOMY RESOURCES http://edtech.kennesaw.edu/web/humanbo.html
(Links and other Resources)
(Anatomy Games: Body Regions, Planes, and Directions)
(Interactive Reviews)
(Language of Anatomy Lessons)
College Anatomy Resources
(Anatomy Terms Practice and Sectional Animations)