1. LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS

3. The American and French Revolutions took place in the late 1700s.
Within twenty years, the ideas and examples of these revolutions influenced the people of Latin America to establish independent nations, most notably in Haiti and Mexico.

4. Influence of the American and French Revolutions on Latin America
Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and won independence.
2. Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican independence movement.
3. French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.

5. Selected countries that gained independence during the 1800s
Mexico
Haiti
Colombia
Venezuela
Brazil

6. “It takes a revolution….
to make a solution….”
- Bob Marley
WHAT WERE THE PROBLEMS?

7. WHAT WERE THE PROBLEMS?
Latin American revolutions of the nineteenth century were influenced by the clash of European cultures in the development of governments and ruling powers.

8. WHAT WERE THE PROBLEMS?
Spanish conquests in Latin America saw the rapid decline of native populations and introduction of slaves from Africa.
Conquistadors were given governmental authority by the crown, becoming known as viceroys.

9. What was society like in the colonial system?

10. Characteristics of the colonial system
Colonial governments mirrored the home governments.
2. Catholicism had a strong influence on the development of the colonies.
3. A major element of the economy was the mining of precious metals for export.

11. Major cities were established as outposts of colonial authority.
Havana
Mexico City
Lima
São Paulo
Buenos Aires

12. WHII.7a John Vanderlyn, Landing of Columbus on the Islands of Guanahani, 1846.Describe the scene.What symbols do you see?How does this depict Columbus?This was done in 1847 by an American. How do these two facts contribute to this painting?This painting is in the Capitol Building in Washington, DC. ( What does that say about this point of view of history?

13. WHII. 7a Diego Rivera, The Disembarkation at Veracruz, 1951
WHII.7a Diego Rivera, The Disembarkation at Veracruz, 1951.Describe the scene.What symbols do you see?How does this depict the Spanish (Cortez)?This was done in 1951, by a Mexican born artist. How do these two facts contribute to this painting?Diego Rivera was also a Communist. Does that contribute to the meaning of this painting?

14. HAITI

15. The one, the only, ever, in all of history successful slave revolt for independence
Island of Haiti/San Domingo in 1797 revolted against French rulers.
Successful rule by Haitians

16. WHII. 7b, Battle on Santo Domingo. Haitian Revolution
WHII.7b, Battle on Santo Domingo. Haitian Revolution. Santo Domingo was the name Haiti went by under French rule. Haiti wasn’t their name until after independence. This painting is a general painting, not a specific battle. In fact, the soldiers are Polish in French uniforms.
Who seems to be winning?
Who should be winning?
Why do you think Polish soldiers were being used?

17. Toussaint L’Ouverture
Haitian Independence,
Toussaint L’Ouverture

18. St. Domingo/Haiti was the largest and
wealthiest colony of France.
France abolished slavery during the French
Revolution but only in France – not the colonies!
Wealth from cotton, forests, tobacco
Slaves treated brutally. Starved. Little choice
Either starved to death or worked to death.

19. Napoleon sent 30,00 crack troops but they were
Defeated by mosquitoes, heat, and Toussaint’s men
bearing machetes
But Touissant was captured, transported to France,
Where he died in the cold of a prison in the Alps

20. Last Days of Toussaint L’Ouverture

21. Louisiana Purchase 1803

22. Other Nations
in South America

23. LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS: MENU
CAUSES
LEADERS
EFFECTS

24. CAUSES PROBLEMS OF THE THE SPANISH EMPIRE ENLIGHTENMENT THE THE
AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
THE
FRENCH
REVOLUTION

25. PROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE
* Political Disempowerment:
Spanish colonies were run by the Council of the Indies, a group appointed by the King that met in Spain and sent its directives across the Atlantic. Those directives were carried out by the viceroys, officials appointed by Spain to govern the colonies.
* Economic Disempowerment:
Spain had the first right to colonial goods and resources. Excluding all competitors, economic policy was set for Spain’s maximum benefit.

26. SOCIAL HIERARCHY Peninsulares: Creoles: Native Spaniards
People of pure
European blood
But born in the
New World P C
M & M
I & A
Mulattos:
African +
European blood
Mestizos:
Indian +
European
blood
Indians and Africans
CAUSES

27. THE ENLIGHTENMENT
BEFORE: Kings are placed on the throne by G-d. Only G-d can remove them.
* Government is based on a contract between the ruler and the ruled.
* Government exists to protect the citizens’ natural rights of life, liberty, & property.
* If the government violates the natural rights of the people, the citizens have a right to revolt against that tyranny.
CAUSES

28. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
* The success of the American Revolution showed others that colonies could succeed in overthrowing their more powerful mother countries.
CAUSES

29. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
* Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France in 1804.
* In an attempt to rule all of Europe, he puts family and friends in charge of the territories he has conquered.
* In 1810, Napoleon puts his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain. The Spanish royal family flees.
MENU
CAUSES

30. SANMARTIN
BOLIVAR
LEADERS
HIDALGO
MORELOS

31. SIMON BOLIVAR * Elite Creole planter Military General
LEADERS
SIMON BOLIVAR
* Elite Creole planter
Military General
Called the “George Washington of South America.”
Like Napoleon, he spreads ideas of Nationalism
So admired Thomas Jefferson, he sent his son to UVA
* Liberated territories of modern day Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia
* Plan for a federated Latin America was crushed by political in-fighting.

32. LEADERS
JOSE DE SAN MARTIN
* Creole officer who had trained in European armies.
* Liberated Argentina from Spanish control.
* Met with Bolivar in Guayaquil in While Bolivar favored democracy, San Martin felt only monarchy could work. Turned over command.
* Died in obscurity in Europe.

33. MIGUEL HIDALGO
LEADERS
* Highly educated Creole priest assigned to town of Dolores.
* September 16, 1810: El Grito de Dolores.
Hidalgo rang the church bell and called upon his mestizo and indigenous parishioners to take up arms against the Spanish.
* Led a rag-tag army toward Mexico City, unleashing mass slaughter of peninsulares in path.
* Never made it to the capital -- Captured and shot in 1811.

34. JOSE MORELOS *Mestizo Priest who took over from Hidalgo.
* Much more successful general
“With three such men as Jose Morelos, I could conquer the world.” - Napoleon Bonaparte
* Established a congress which:
*Created a declaration of rights
*Abolished slavery
*Declared equality of classes
*Captured and executed in December 1815
LEADERS
MENU

35. Agustin Iturbide * Mexican army general
Effectively ends the Mexican independence- takes over and rules as emperor.
Just like ……(who?)
*His rule symbolizes what will be the rest of Latin American rule….a constant see-saw between liberal populist rule and conservative dictorial regimes
LEADERS
MENU

36. POLITICAL
INTERNATIONAL
EFFECTS
ECONOMIC

37. POLITICAL: THE CAUDILLOS
* By 1830, nearly all Latin American countries were ruled by caudillos.
WHY?
* The upper classes supported dictatorship because it kept the lower classes out of power.
* The lower classes did not have experience with democracy. Dictatorship seemed normal.
EFFECTS
* Regionalism led to creation of new states

38. THE QUESTION OF LAND AT LEAST, DID THE SOCIAL PYRAMID CHANGE? NO!
* Once the Spaniards were expelled, the new governments seized their lands and put them up for sale, BUT….only the creoles could afford to buy them. Foreign corporations would also eventually control much land as they bought mines and land for RR’s.
* Thus, the creoles replaced the peninsulares at the top of the social pyramid, but other classes remained at the bottom of the ladder.
EFFECTS

39. INTERNATIONAL: THE MONROE DOCTRINE
WHII.7d. Here’s an example of a digital story that kids can watch to learn about the Monroe Doctrine, especially in context of World History. You can watch the movie, or click on the text tab to read it. Also, click on the Monroe Doctrine icon to reveal letters Monroe and Jefferson wrote to each other on the topic with questions related to it, and a simple one question quiz.
“The American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” - James Monroe, 1823

40. WHY?
* The War of 1812 with Britain had shown the U.S. that some-times revolutionary victories could lead to sequels.
* The U.S. had political and economic interests in keeping Europe out of the Western hemisphere. From 1823 on, it would be the U.S.’ backyard.
* Though the U.S. did not have the muscle to back up its threats, Great Britain agreed to support the Monroe Doctrine due to its new favorable trading position in Latin America.
EFFECTS

41. ECONOMIC: ONE-CROP ECONOMIES
* Now that trade was not restricted to the mother country, the U.S. and Great Britain became the new countries’ major trading partners.
* A colonial economy continued…Latin America mainly exported cash crops and raw materials while importing manufactured goods. Dependent on more developed nations
* European and North American corporations would eventually control most major industries: Railroad, mining, telecommunication. Would lead to continued underdevelopment and more “revolutions” (Mexico 1910)

42. AN IMBALANCE OF TRADE
* As the imbalance of trade grew, Latin American countries took out large loans from the U.S., Britain, and Germany to build infrastructure.
* When the countries could not pay back their loans, foreign lenders gained control of major industries in Latin America.

43. Before After Political Economic Social
Dictatorship of the Council of the Indies and the Viceroys
Dictatorship of the Caudillos
Political
Economic
Social
Unequal trade relationship with Great Britain and the U.S. benefiting
Unequal trade relationship with Spain benefiting
Native Spaniards at the top of the social ladder, followed by creoles, and with the rest of the population at the bottom
Creoles at the top of the ladder with the rest of the population at the bottom.

44. BOLIVAR’S LAST WORD
* Simon Bolivar had taken up the cause of independence hoping to establish a new order where Latin American countries would be free, democratic, and federated (in agreement to work together.) Instead, upon his death, he saw a world in which dictators ruled and disunity reigned. Disgusted by what he saw, he gave this warning to future generations:
“America is ungovernable for us. He who serves a revolution plows the sea.”
MENU