1. Chapter 121 Information Technology For Management 6 th Edition Turban, Leidner, McLean, Wetherbe Lecture Slides by L. Beaubien, Providence College John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Management Decision Support and Intelligent Systems

2. Chapter 122 DSS DSS is a computer-based information system that contributes decision making process Why do we need computers  Large number of alternatives (ex: FLP)  Uncertainty  Intensive calculations  Decision makers and data are usually located in different places Decision making process can be  Highly structured (The procedures for obtaining the best solutions are known- Management Science)  Highly unstructured problems (managerial judgment and intuition; ex new product development)  Semi-structured Problems

3. Chapter 123 A model is a simplified representation of reality. With modeling, one can reach an optimum solution under certain assumptions and perform virtual experiments  The cost of virtual experimentation is much lower  Years of operations can be simulated  Manipulating the model is much easier  What ifs  Evaluating large number of alternatives

4. Chapter 124 Optimization models LP (Lindo, QSB, AMPL) MIP (Lindo, QSB, AMPL) Non-linear optimization models (Ex: Forecasting Models, SS calculation)  Analytical optimizatin models  Heuristic search algorithms WinQSB vs AMPL

5. Chapter 125 Sample Ampl Code set iplnt := 1 2 3 4; set kprod := 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12; set tperiod := 1 2 3 4 5 6; set machine := 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; Subject to capacity {i in iplant, m in mach, t in tperiod}: sum{k in kprod} production[i,k,m,t]/machrate[i,m,k]<= 28; This code represents a set of 168 constraints (4 plants * 6 periods * 7 machines)

6. Chapter 126 Using Binary Variables subject to c24 {t in 1..6, i in iplnt, j in jdest, k in kprod}: fbbinary [i,j,k,t] + fcbinary [i,j,k,t] <= 1; subject to c25 {t in 1..6, i in iplnt, j in jdest, k in kprod}: cshipvar[i,j,k,t]<=300*fcbinary[i,j,k,t]; subject to c26 {t in 1..6, i in iplnt, j in jdest, k in kprod}: bshipvar[i,j,k,t]>=301*fbbinary[i,j,k,t]; subject to c27 {t in 1..6, i in iplnt, j in jdest, k in kprod}: bshipvar[i,j,k,t]<= 1000000*fbbinary[i,j,k,t]; subject to c28 {i in iplnt, j in jdest, k in kprod, t in 1..6}: zshipment[i,j,k,t] = bshipvar[i,j,k,t] + cshipvar[i,j,k,t];

7. Chapter 127 WHAT-IF ANALYSİS A model builder makes predictions and assumptions regarding the input data, many of which are based on the assessment of uncertain futures. When the model is solved, the results depend on these assumptions. What-if analysis attempts to check the impact of a change in the assumptions (input data) on the proposed solution. In a properly designed DSS, managers themselves can easily ask the computer these types of questions as many times as needed for sensitivity analysis. Shadow price (WinQSB) GOAL-SEEKING ANALYSIS

8. Chapter 128 Simulation In DSSs, simulation generally refers to a technique for conducting experiments (such as “what-if”) with a computer on a model of a management system. Because simulation deals with semistructured or unstructured situations, it involves complex reality, which may not be easily analyzed by optimization or other standard models but often can be handled by simulation. (Less assumptions)

9. Chapter 129 it can describe or predict the characteristics of a given system under different circumstances. Once the characteristics’ values are computed, the best among several alternatives can be selected. (ex. FLP) The simulation process often consists of the repetition of an experiment many, many times to obtain an estimate of the overall effect of certain actions (Precision test). Automod vs Promodel Distribution assumption (statfit)

10. Chapter 1210 Sample Automod code begin P_proc arriving if A_location = 1 then begin move into Q_oakmachine /* processing queue */ use R_oakmachine for n 15, 240 min inc V_production_cost(A_location) by 15 inc V_total_inv(A_location, A_loadindex) by 1 end

11. Chapter 1211 Advantages of Simulation Allows for inclusion of the real-life complexities of problems. Only a few simplifications are necessary. For example, simulation may utilize the real-life probability distributions rather than approximate theoretical distributions. Is descriptive. This allows the manager to ask what-if type questions. Thus, managers who employ a trial-and-error approach to problem solving can do it faster and cheaper, with less risk, using a simulated problem instead of a real one. Can handle an extremely wide variation in problem types, such as inventory and staffing, as well as higher managerial-level tasks like long-range planning. Further, the manager can experiment with different variables to determine which are important, and with different alternatives to determine which is best.

12. Chapter 1212 Hybrid Models Run MIP optimization. (Step 1) Calculate difference between deterministic cost and average simulation cost. Run simulation. (Step 2) Update formulation with solution uncertainty impact. (Step 3) Has the solution already been simulated? Terminate with optimal solution. Yes No

13. Chapter 1213 Decision Complexity

14. Chapter 1214 Intelligent Systems Expert systems (ESs) are attempts to mimic human experts. It is decision-making software that can reach a level of performance comparable to a human expert in some specialized and usually narrow problem area. The idea is simple: expertise is transferred from an expert or other source of expertise to the computer. The transfer of expertise from an expert to a computer and then to the user involves four activities:  Knowledge acquisition (from experts or other sources). It involves studying the thought processes of humans  Knowledge representation (organized as rules or frames in the computer)  Knowledge inferencing is performed in a component called the inference engine of the ES and results in the recommendation.  Knowledge transfer to the user (the expert’s knowledge has been transferred to users). It advises the nonexperts, and explaines, if necessary, the logic behind the advise.

15. Chapter 1215 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Pattern recognition and learning are the key characteristics of ANN ANN can analyze large quantities of data to establish patterns where the logic rules are not known Neural networks are particularly good at identifying subtle, hidden, and newly emerging patterns within complex data as well as interpreting incomplete inputs. Example 1: Loan application. By reviving many historical cases of applicants’ questionnaires, ANN can create patterns or profiles of applicants that should be approved or denied Example 2: Identifying patterns in stock market data and assisting in stock and bond trading strategies;

16. Chapter 1216 Artificial Neural Network

17. Chapter 1217 Inputs. Each input corresponds to a single attribute. For example, if the problem is to decide on approval or disapproval of a loan, some attributes could be the applicant’s income level, age, and home ownership. Several types of data, such as text, pictures, and voice, can be used as inputs. Preprocessing may be needed to convert the raw data to meaningful inputs from symbolic data or to scale the data. The inputs are multiplied by weights—when they enter the processing elements (PEs). Weights. Key elements in an ANN are the weights.Weights express the relative strength (or mathematical value) of the input data or the many connections that transfer data from layer to layer. In other words, in the case of a loan application, weights express the relative importance of each input applicant’s attribute, based on past experiences.Weights are crucial in that they store learned patterns of information. It is through repeated adjustments of weights that the network learns. Summation function. The summation function (represented by the symbol) calculates the weighted sum of all the input elements entering each processing element. A summation function multiplies each input value by its weight and totals the values for a weighted sum. Transformation function. A transformation function (represented by) integrates the information produced by all PEs, and transforms it to meaningful outputs. Outputs. The outputs of the network contain the solution to a problem. For example, in the case of a loan application it can be “yes” or “no.”The ANN assigns numeric values, like 1 for “yes” and 0 for “no.” The purpose of the network is to compute the values of the output.

18. Chapter 1218 Some Applications of Neural Networks Data mining- Finding data in large and complex databases Credit card fraud detection Analyzing purchasing patterns for fast detection of fraud Tax fraud Identifying, enhancing, and finding irregularities Evaluation of personnel and Matching personnel data to job requirements and performance criteria job candidates Loan application evaluation- Judging worthiness of loan applications based on patterns in previous application information (customer credit scoring) New product analysis- Sales forecasting and targeted marketing Insurance fraud detection Finding fraud patterns (see hnc.com)

19. Chapter 1219 Automated Decission Suppport (ADS) ADS systems are rule-based systems that are particularly useful for repetitive managerial problems. ADS is achieved by capturing a business user expertise in a set of business rules. These rules determine what actions needs to be taken in particular situations Examples  Loan approval  Dell  Yield optimization  Traffic lights  Dynamic Forecasting

20. Chapter 1220 Why Managers Need IT Support A key to good decision making is to explore and compare many relevant alternatives. The more alternatives that exist, the more computer- assisted search and comparisons are needed. Typically, decisions must be made under time pressure. Frequently it is not possible to manually process the needed information fast enough to be effective. It is usually necessary to conduct a sophisticated analysis in order to make a good decision. Such analysis requires the use of modeling.

21. Chapter 1221 Managerial Issues Cost justification, intangible benefits. While some of the benefits of management support systems are tangible, it is difficult to put a dollar value on the intangible benefits of many such systems. Documenting personal DSS. Many employees develop their own DSSs to increase their productivity and the quality of their work. It is advisable to have an inventory of these DSSs and make certain that appropriate documentation and security measures exist. Ready-made commercial DSSs. With the increased use of Web-based systems and ASPs, it is possible to find more DSS applications sold off the shelf, frequently online. The benefits of a purchased or leased DSS application sometimes make it advisable to change business processes to fit a commercially available DSS. Embedded technologies. Intelligent systems are expected to be embedded in at least 20 percent of all IT applications in about 10 years. It is critical for any prudent management to closely examine the technologies and their business applicability.