1. UNIT 1Intro to Physical Science

2. Chemistry Chemistry is the study of the structure, composition & properties of matter and its transformations from one form to another. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Chemistry is everywhere!

3. Natural Science falls into 2 general categories: Biological sciences: concerned primarily with living things Physical science: concerned primarily with nonliving things Which category would chemistry be listed as?

4. Applications of Chemistry Chemical reactions are involved in: Biological Processes: medical, pharmaceutical & biotechnology industries Atmospheric Phenomena: ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change (global warming) Energy Production & Consumption: petroleum & alternative energy industries Making New Materials: polymer, computer & clothing industries, etc.

5. Branches of Chemistry Organic chemistry: study all substances containing carbon and hydrogen Inorganic chemistry: study substances not classified as organic ( elements other than carbon) Physical chemistry: study properties transformations and interrelationships of energy and matter

6. Biochemistry: study of all substances and processes that occur in living things Analytical chemistry: identification of substances and determination of their composition Other branches of chemistry include nuclear and polymer chemistry

7. The Scientific Method A logical approach to the solution of a problem, that lends itself to investigations by observation, generalization, theorizing and testing

8. Steps in the Scientific method 1. observe and state a problem 2.Form a hypothesis 3.Test the hypothesis 4.Record and analyze data 5.Form a conclusion 6.Replicate the work

9. For an experiment to be valid, it should contain a control setup, a variable, and an experimental setup Control setup: The part of the experiment that does not contain the variable Experimental setup: the part of the experiment that does contain the variable Variable: the single factor that is isolated and tested A valid experiment contains only one variable,

10. Steps 1,&,2 Observing and stating the problem and forming a hypothesis Chemical Research (ALL research) is carried out through careful experimentation & explanation. In the first step, a chemist develops a hypothesis in response to an observation. Hypothesis: a tentative explanation for an observation that provides a basis for experimentation

12. both beakers are same size, same amount of water, identical thermometers, beaker a has antifreeze added to it What is the variable in the experiment? What is the control setup? What is the experimental setup? Beaker A Beaker B

15. b) Experiment Next, the chemist performs an experiment designed to test the validity of the hypothesis. Experiment: the observation of natural phenomena carried out in a controlled manner so that the results can be duplicated and rational conclusions obtained If the results of the experiment contradict the hypothesis, a new hypothesis must be developed.

16. Hypothesis No hypothesis, theory or law is ever free from being tested Hypothesis should be written in an “If…..then” form “If fertilizer is used, then the crops will produce more.” This allows for the hypothesis to be either accepted or rejected, no gray areas

17. c) Law After a series of experiments, a researcher may see a relationship or a regularity in the results. If this relationship can be stated clearly, we call it a law. Law: concise statement that summarizes a wide range of experimental results & has not been contradicted by experiments A law summarizes a set of experimental results, but does not provide an explanation.

18. d) Theory If a hypothesis is supported by a great deal of experimental data, it becomes a theory. Theory: The most logical explanation of events that occur in nature Ex: atomic theory, kinetic theory Theory: a tested explanation of basic natural phenomena; a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and the laws based on them

19. Data Recorded observations and measurements Varies with each type of lab performed: qualitative, quantitative

20. 2. The Scientific Method

21. SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS AS YOU HAVE LEARNED EXPERIMENTING IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF ANY SCIENTIFIC METHOD. MOST EXPERIMENTS INVOLVE MEASUREMENTS MEASUREMENTS MADE DURING EXPERIMENTS MUST BE RELIABLE AND ACCURATE AS WELL AS EASILY COMMUNICATED TO OTHERS

22. MIXED UP MEASUREMENTS: SEPTEMBER 1999 AMERICANS GOT A NASTY REMINDER OF HOW THE REST OF THE WORLD MEASURES WEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. NASA LOST ITS $165 MARS CLIMATE ORBITER WHEN ONE TEAM OF FLIGHT CONTROLLERS HAD PROGRAMMED THE SPACE CRAFT WITH ENGLISH UNITS (POUNDS AND FEET) AND THE OTHER HAD ENTERED NUMBERS USING A METRIC SCHEME (NEWTONS AND METER)

23. SI MEASUREMENTS THE STANDARD SYSTEM USED BY ALL SCIENTISTS ( FOR MEASUREMENTS) IS THE METRIC SYSTEM ALSO CALLED THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) SCIENTIST USE METRIC UNITS TO MEASURE: LENGTH, VOLUME, MASS, DENSITY AND TEMPERATURE

24. FUNDAMENTAL UNITS ( 7 IN SI) QUANITYUNITSYMBOL Lengthmeterm masskilogramKg timeseconds temperaturekelvink Amount of substance molemol volumeliterL Electric currentampereA Luminous intensity candelacd

26. LENGTH THE DISTANCE FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER THE BASIC SI UNIT FOR LENGTH IS THE METER(M) 1 METER = 39.4 INCHES ( A LITTLE LONGER THAN 1 YARD) SMALLER SI UNITS FOR LENGTH INCLUDE THE CENTIMETER (CM) AND MILLIMETER (MM) KILO= 1000 MILLI = 1/1000 CENTI= 1/100

27. CONVERSION INFO KING HENRY DIED MONDAY DRINKING CHOCOLATE MILK KILO- HECTOR- DECA- METER- DECI- CENTI- MILLI LITER GRAM GO OVER HOW TO USE THESE CONVERSIONS

30. MASS THE MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF MATTER IN AN OBJECT SI UNIT IS THE KILOGRAM (KG) OTHER UNIT S ARE THE GRAM AND MILLIGRAM 1 GRAM = ABOUT THE WEIGHT OF 1 PAPER CLIP 1 KG= 1000G 1G= 1000MG

31. VOLUME THE AMOUNT OF SPACE AN OBJECT TAKES UP SI UNIT FOR VOLUME IS THE LITER (L) TO MEASURE VOLUMES SMALLER THAN A LITER, MILLILITERS ARE USED THE METRIC UNIT USED TO MEASURE SOLIDS IS THE CUBIC CENTIMETER (CM 3 ) A CUBIC CENTIMETER IS THE VOLUME OF A CUBE MEASURING 1 CM B 1 CM BY 1CM 1 CM 3 = 1ML 1L=1000ML OR 1000 CM 3

32. TIME THE SI UNIT OR TIME IS THE SECOND 1 SECOND = 1/60 MINUTE IT MAY BE CONFUSING BECAUSE THE DEFINITION OF A MINUTE DEPENDS ON THE DEFINITION OF AN HOUR WHICH IS BASED ON THE DURATION OF A DAY ( AND DAY IS NOT ALWAYS 24 HRS LONG) DAY IS THE LENGTH OF TIME IT TAKES THE EARTH T ROTATE EXACTLY ONCE ON ITS AXIS PROBLEMS: 1. CONVERT 2 HOURS TO SECONDS GIVEN 1HR = 60 MINUTES 2. CONVERT 2 DAYS TO SECONDS

33. ENGLISH TO METRIC CONVERSIONS LENGTHVOLUMEMASS 2.54 centimeters= 1 inch 1 LITER = 1.06 QUARTS 1 KILOGRAM = 2.2 POUNDS 1 meter = 39.37 inches 28.3 GRAMS = 1 OUNCE 1 meter =1.09 yards 1 POUND = 453.6 GRAMS 1 kilometer =.062 miles 1 mile = 5280 feet

35. DENSITY THE MASS PER UNIT VOLUME OF A SUBSTANCE DENSITY= MASS/VOLUME EXAMPLE: WHAT IS THE DENSITY OF AN OBJECT IF IT HAS A MASS OF 10 GRAMS AND A VOLUME OF 10 MILLILITERS?

36. DENSITY AS IT TURNS OUT, THIS IS THE DENSITY OF WATER OBJECTS WITH A DENSITY LESS THAN WATER WILL FLOAT, AND THOSE WITH A DENSITY GREATER THAN WATER WILL SINK

38. TEMPERATURE THE MEASURE OF THE MOTION OF MOLECULES SI UNIT IS KELVIN SCALE (K) FORMULAS F= FAHRENHEIT C= CELSIUS C =.55 (F-32) C = K- 273 K= KELVIN K= C + 273 F = 1.8( C) + 32

39. EXAMPLE CONVERT BODY TEMPERATURE FROM FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS THEN TO KELVIN

40. HEAT AND HEAT ENERGY IT IS THE SUM TOTAL OF THE KINETIC ENERGIES OF THE PARTICLES IN A SAMPLE OF MATTER AT ALWAYS FLOWS SPONTANEOUSLY FROM MATTER AT A HIGHER TEMPERATURE TO MATTER AT A LOWER TEMPERATURE

41. SI UNIT FOR HEAT IS THE JOULE (J) AN OLDER UNIT IS THE CALORIE WHICH IS THE QUANTITY OF HEAT REQUIRED TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF WATER FROM 14.5 TO 15.5 C 1 CAL =4.184J 1000J = 1 KJ (KILOJOULE) EX CONVERT 275 CAL TO JOULES THEN KILOJOULES

42. SPECIFIC HEAT AND HEAT CAPACITY HEAT CAPACITY: THE AMOUNT OF HEAT ENERGY NEEDED TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF A GIVEN SAMPLE OF MATTER BY ONE CELSIUS DEGREE SPECIFIC HEAT: THE AMOUNT OF HEAT ENERGY NEEDED TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF A SUBSTANCE BY 1 C

43. 3 THINGS THAT DETERMINE THE QUANTITY OF HEAT LOST OR GAINED DURING A TEMPERATURE CHANGE 1.NATURE OF MATTER CHANGING TEMPERATURE 2.MASS OF MATTER CHANGING TEMPERATURE 3.SIZE OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE

44. SPECIFIC HEAT HEAT LOST OR GAINED = MASS X CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE X SPECIFIC HEAT

45. SPECIFIC HEAT SPECIFIC HEAT IS MEASURED IN JOULES PER GRAM DEGREE CELSIUS (J/G C ) THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER IS 1J/G C

46. EXAMPLE A 4 GRAM SAMPLE OF GLASS WAS HEATED FROM 1C TO 41 C, A TEMPERATURE CHANGE O 40C AND WAS FOUND TO HAVE ABSORBED 32 J OF HEAT WHAT IS THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF THIS TYPE OF GLASS? HOW MUCH HEAT DID THE SAME GLASS SAMPLE GAIN WHEN IT WAS HEATED FROM 41 C TO 71 C?

47. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION IN SCIENCE, NUMBERS CAN RANGE FROM VERY SMALL TO VERY LARGE EXAMPLE AVOGADRO’S NUMBER : 602 213 674 000 000 000 000 000 OR THE MASS OF AN ELECTRON WHICH IS 0.0000000000000000000000000000009109 TO MAKE THESE NUMBERS EASIER TO READ, WE US SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

48. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

53. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES