1. Diploma Engineers’ Association निर्माण सुपरीवेक्षण तथा गुणस्तर नियन्त्रण Construction Supervision and Quality Control Rajendra P. Adhikari, Ph. D. 20 Dec 2014 (5 Poush 2071) Birganj,Nepal 1

2. निर्माणमा प्रत्यक्ष संलग्न पक्षहरु Employer नियोक्ता Consultant/Engineer कन्सल्टेन्ट / ईन्जिनियर Contractor निर्माण व्यवसायी Development Partners दातृ निकाय Suppliers/Sub- contractors आपूर्तीकर्ता / सव - कन्ट्राक्टर 2

3. केही अनुभवहरु बाँडौं निर्माण कार्यसंग सम्बन्धित नियोक्ताको कारण निर्माणस्थलमा देखिने कुनै तीन बिषय / सन्दर्भहरु बताउनुहोस् निर्माण कार्यसंग सम्बन्धित परामर्शदाता वा इन्जिनियरको कारण निर्माणस्थलमा देखिने कुनै तीन बिषय / सन्दर्भहरु बताउनुहोस् निर्माण कार्यसंग सम्बन्धित निर्माण व्यवसायीको कारण निर्माणस्थलमा देखिने कुनै तीन बिषय / सन्दर्भहरु बताउनुहोस् 3

4. निर्माणमा संलग्न पक्षहरुको भूमिका नियोक्ता योजनाको छनौट पैसाको जोहो कन्सलटेन्ट / ईन्जिनियर आयोजनाको डिजाइन सुपरिवेक्षण तथा गुणस्तर नियन्त्रण निर्माण व्यवसायी निर्माण कार्य स्पेशिफिकेशन अनुसार र आयोजना हस्तान्तरण दातृ निकाय बिकासको लागी आवस्यक ‌ ऋण / अनुदानको व्यवस्था गर्ने आपूर्तीकर्ता / सव कन्ट्रकक्टर निर्माण सामाग्री आपूर्ती गर्ने तथा सव कन्ट्राक्टमा काम गर्ने 4

5. आयोजना व्यवस्थापन के हो र कसरी गर्ने ? 5

6. आयोजना व्यवस्थापनका प्रमुख तत्वहरु 6 समय गुणस्तर लागत

7. आयोजना व्यवस्थापनका चुनौतीहरु स्रोत र सामाग्रीको उचित परिचालन निर्माण लक्ष पुरा गर्न स्रोत र सामाग्रीको एकिकृत व्यवस्थापन गर्नु तोकिएको समयभित्रै काम सम्पन्न गर्नु तोकिएको लागतभित्र काम सम्पन्न गर्नु र तोकिएको गुणस्तर कायम गर्नु 7

8. आयोजना अनुगमन चक्र 8 कार्य योजना बनाउने प्रगति अनुगमन गर्ने फरक अबस्था मापन गर्ने / निश्चित गर्ने प्रगति प्रतिवेदन तयार पार्ने र बुझाउने आवस्यकता अनुसार कार्य योजनामा शंसोधन गर्ने हामीले के गर्न खोजेको हो ? सबैले बुझ्ने ढंगले बनाउने साइटमा कति काम भएको छ ? नाप्ने र सो को विवरण जम्मा पार्ने कार्य योजना र प्रगतिको बीचमा कत्तीको फरक परेको छ पत्ता लगाउने साइटबाट प्राप्त विवरण अनुसार प्रगति / निरीक्षण प्रतिवेदन तयार पार्ने र बुझाउने

9. आयोजना नियन्त्रणका पक्षहरु समय (Schedule) लागत (Budget), तथा गुणस्तर (Specification) 9 Time perform ance Cost perform ance Quality perform ance

10. कार्य योजना बनाउन प्रयोग गरिने साधनहरु 1.Gantt chart, Linked bar chart and milestones chart 2.CPM/PERT 3.Earned Value Analysis 10

11. Gantt chart बार चार्ट S. No. Activities1234678910 1 Tender document preparation 2 Tender document issue 3 Tender document submission 4 Tender evaluation 11

12. Linked bar chart लिङ्क बार चार्ट S. No. Activities1234678910 1 Tender document preparation 2 Tender document issue 3 Tender document submission 4 Tender evaluation 12 लिङ्कहरु

13. Milestones chart माइलस्टोन चार्ट S. No. Activities1234678910 1 Tender document preparation 2 Tender document issue 3 Tender document submission 4 Tender evaluation 13 माइल स्टोनहरु

14. Network diagram 14 Source: Construction Management, Rajendra P. Adhikari

15. PERT 15 The optimistic ( आसाबादी ) time estimate (Ote) The pessimistic ( निरासाबादी ) time estimate (Pte) The most likely ( बढी संभव हुने ) time estimate (Mlte) Expected ( सोचेको ) time (Te)

16. Expected time Te = Ote + 4Mlte + Pte 6 16

17. Example tell me: (a)if every thing progress as you expect, say in complete ideal situation how long it will take? (b)if every thing goes wrong and encountered unexpected situations, say in worst condition how long it will take? And (c)in carrying out such work what would be the normal duration? 17

18. Let’s say:  in first case, the time required would be 10 weeks  in second case 34 weeks, and  in third 16 weeks. 18

19. The Expected Time 10 + (4 x 16) + 34 te = 6 = 18 weeks 19

20. Cost optimization Importance of time-cost analysis (Gahlot & Dhir, 1992) कुनै आयोजनाको अवधि कतिसम्म छोट्याउन सकिन्छ ? आयोजनाको अवधि सबभन्दा कम खर्चमा कतिसम्म छोट्याउँन सकिन्छ ? आयोजनाको कुन चाँही अबधिमा समग्र आयोजनाको खर्च सबभन्दा कम हुन्छ ? 20

21. आयोजनाको लागत 1.Direct cost ( प्रत्यक्ष खर्च ) - labor, material, equipment costs 2.Indirect cost ( अप्रत्यक्ष खर्च ) - insurance charge, administration charges etc. 21

22. अबधि / समय अनुसार लागतमा देखिने भिन्नता 22 DescriptionsWork days Rate/day (Rs.) Total (Rs.) 1 man working 1 shifts62001200 Man working 2 shifts/day for 3 days Additional Rs. 50 for 2 nd shift (200 + 250 = 450) 1 st day Rs. 34501350 Man working 3 shifts/day for 2 days Additional Rs. 50 for 2 nd shift; 100 for 3 rd shift (200 + 250 + 300= 750) 1 st day Rs. 27501500 Any number of men working but duration cannot be reduced beyond 2 days

23. Variation of direct cost with time 23 Cost (Rs.) Rs. 500 Rs. 1000 Rs. 1500 Rs. 2000 2 4 6 Crash timeNormal time Crash cost Normal cost Cost slope

24. Normal time: performing an activity with the normally available resources. Normal cost: minimum direct cost; while performing in normal time duration. Crash time: minimum time in which activity can be performed. Crash cost: direct cost corresponding to the crash time. 24

25. Variation of indirect cost with time 25 Cost (Rs.) Time

26. Cost optimization 26 Time (Days) Cost (Rs.) Direct cost Indirect cost Total cost Optimal time Optimal cost

27. Earned Value Analysis (EVA) Budgeted cost of work scheduled ( तोकिएको काम सम्पन्न गर्न लागत अनुमान / बजेट अनुसारको खर्च ) (BCWS) Budgeted cost of work performed, which is also called Earned Value ( सम्पन्न गरिएको कामको लागत अनुमान / बजेट अनुसारको खर्च ) (BCWP) Actual cost of work performed ( सम्पन्न गरिएको कामको बास्तविक खर्च ) (ACWP) 27

28. Cost Variance (CV) 28 Cost variance (CV) is the difference of Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (earned value) minus Actual Cost of Work Performed. It can be expressed as: CV = BCWP – ACWP, where negative variance indicates cost overrun

29. Schedule Variance (SV) Similarly, schedule variance (SV) is the difference of Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (earned value) minus Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled. It can be expressed as: SV = BCWP – BCWS, where negative variance indicates time overrun. 29

30. Cost performance (CP) Cost performance can be obtained by multiplying earned value (BCWP) by Actual Cost of Work Performed (ACWP), which can be expressed as: 30 BCWP CP = ACWP

31. Schedule performance (SP) Schedule performance can be obtained by multiplying earned value (BCWP) by Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (BCWS), which can be expressed as: 31 BCWP SP = BCWS

32. Example (Adhikari (2004), Construction Management) 50 units of plantation have to be done in 2 weeks period. Estimated plantation cost was Rs. 200/unit Progress monitoring was done one week after the work was completed Only 40 % work was completed (as per schedule 50 % has to be completed) Actual cost was Rs. 250/unit 32

33. Here, BCWS:25 x 200 = Rs. 5000 BCWP:20 x 200 = Rs. 4000 ACWP:20 x 250 = Rs. 5000 33

34. Cost variance (CV) लागतमा भिन्नता CV = BCWP – ACWP = 4000 – 5000 = - 1000 CP = BCWP/ACWP 4000/5000 = 0.80 Here, Total cost would be (50 units x Rs. 200)/0.80 = Rs. 12500 34

35. Schedule variance (SV) तालिकामा भिन्नता SV = BCWP – BCWS 4000 – 5000 = - 1000 SP = BCWP/BCWS 4000/5000 = 0.80 Here, Total completion time would be 2 weeks/0.80 = 2.5 weeks 35

36. Cost control (Budget control) लागत नियन्त्रण लागत नियन्त्रण यहाँदेखि नै शुरु हुन्छ … Preparation of cost estimate (PPA 5) Preparation of procurement plan ( PPA 6) Selection of procurement method (PPA 8) Price adjustment (PPA 55) Arrangement of budget and construction site (PPR 6) 36

37. Cost control लागत नियन्त्रण Payment Certificates Payments Compensation Events Tax Currencies Price Adjustment Retention Liquidated Damages Bonus 37 Advance Payment Securities Day works Cost of Repairs

38. Quality Control गुणस्तर नियन्त्रण त्रुटी (Defects) पत्ता लगाउने परीक्षण गर्ने (Tests) त्रुटी सुधार्ने (Correction of Defects) नसुधारिएका त्रुटीहरु (Uncorrected Defects) 38

39. Technical Specification प्राबिधिक स्पेशिफिकेशन A technical specification is the generally accepted standard for construction specifications. It is considered best because it completely details the exact need or condition to be met. It requires the construction supervisor to account for every detail leaving little if nothing to chance. The challenge is to have a construction supervisor who is familiar with every detail of the construction process. 39

40. Documentation रेकर्ड राख्ने Daily Record Keeping Daily Construction Report – date, project name, location, weather condition (temperature, cloud, precipitation), meetings & decisions, record of visitors at site Location of construction underway Sub-contractor, Personnel and equipment working in each activity

41. Descriptions of works being inspected Decisions made regarding approval of materials or of work, and corrective actions taken Descriptions of problems or delays and resolution Communication with contractor staff Construction activities completed and/or progress Progress photos (where applicable) Signature of the report preparer 41

42. Inspecting and testing report format Record drawings Control of quality records Daily construction QA logs and records Inspection checklists and reports Non-conformance reports Material receiving reports, and Monitoring and test data 42

43. गुणस्तर नियन्त्रण

44. What is Quality? स्पेशिफिकेशनमा उल्लेख भए अनुसारको काम निर्माणस्थलमा हुनु वा स्पेशिफिकेशनमा उल्लेख भए अनुसारको निर्माण कार्य हुनु

45. Burj Dubai Over 800 metres (2625 feet) More than 160 stories Tallest building in the world Tallest free-standing structure in the world Project management specific/RPA_17.12.2009 45

46. Burj Dubai Construction Timeline January 2004 Excavation started February 2004 Piling started March 2005 Superstructure started January 2010 Official launch ceremony 46

47. Project management specific/RPA_17.12.2009 47 Dubai in 1990 The same street in 2003 Dubai in 2007 Dubai Downtown

48. Pyramid City in the Air (SHIMIZU CORPORATION) 48

49. The Shimizu TRY 2004 Mega-City Pyramid is a proposed Shimizu Corporation project for the construction of a massive pyramid over Tokyo Bay in Japan. The structure would be more than 14 times as high as the Great Pyramid of Giza It would house 1,000,000 people. 49

50. The structure would be 2000 meters (6,561 feet) tall measured from mean sea level This pyramid would help answer Tokyo's increasing lack of space The proposed structure is so large that it could not be built with current conventional materials, due to their weight. The design relies on the future availability of super-strong lightweight materials based on carbon nanotubes presently being researched.carbon nanotubes 50

51. What May be Quality? Japanese and American Business Deal) It may mean Zero Defects, an idea perfected by Japanese manufacturers who refuse to tolerate defects of any kind. US companies operated according to the premise of Acceptable Quality Level (AQL)

52. Difference in Attitude The difference between Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) and Total Quality Management (TQM) is the attitude toward quality. AQL says quality is characteristics of a product that meets or exceeds engineering standards. TQM says that quality is that quality of a product, which is so good that the customer would not think of buying from anyone else.”

53. What is Quality Assurance? Quality assurance, or QA refers to a program for the systematic monitoring and evaluation of the various aspects of a project, service, or facility to ensure that standards of quality are being met.

54. Two key principles characterize QA: "fit for purpose" (the product should be suitable for the intended purpose) and "right first time" (mistakes should be eliminated). It is important to realize also that quality is determined by the intended users, clients or customers. QA is more than just testing the quality of aspects of a product, service or facility, it analyzes the quality to make sure it conforms to specific requirements and comply with established plans.

55. Steps for Quality Assurance Process Test previous article Plan to improve Design to include improvements and requirements Manufacture with improvements Review new item and improvements Test new item

56. Quality assurance vs. quality control Quality control emphasizes testing of products to uncover defects, and reporting to management who make the decision to allow or deny the release Quality control Quality assurance attempts to improve and stabilize production, and associated processes, to avoid, or at least minimize, issues that led to the defects in the first place. To prevent mistakes from arising, several QA methodologies are used. QA does not eliminate the need for QC: some product parameters are so critical that testing is still essential. QC activities are treated as one of the overall QA processes.

57. Elements of Quality Management System Organizational Structure Responsibilities Procedures Processes Resources Customer Satisfaction Continuous Improvement

58. Total Quality Management (TQM) Total – made up the whole Quality – Degree of excellence a product or service provides Management – Act, art or manner of handling, controlling, directing etc. 58

59. TQM Basic approach 1.A committed management 2.Focused on customer 3.Involvement and utilization of the total work force 4.Continuous improvement 5.Treating suppliers as partners 6.Establish performance measures for each components/ persons 59

60. 6.Bench marking 7.Information technology 8.Quality management systems 9.Environment management system 10.Quality function deployment (Customer requirements led design) 60

61. 11.Quality by design 12.Failure mode analysis (Reliability) 13.Product liability 14.Total productive maintenance 15.Management tools 16.Statistical process control 61

62. Responsibilities Contractor responsibility Contractors are responsible for all activities necessary to manage, control and document work so as to ensure compliance with the contract plans and specifications. 62

63. Quality Control Requirement Contract clause : – Identifying defects (The PM) – Tests (The PM) – Correction of defects (The Contractor/PM) – Uncorrected defects (The PM) 63

64. Therefore QC and QA ? QC is the system established by the Contractor for achieving the quality as indicated in the drawing and/or specifications. QA should be the system of the Public Entity for assurance of that the quality will be achieved by the end of the project. 64

65. Contractor’s Responsibility In general contractor is responsible for all the activities necessary to ensure the achievement of the contract quality: – Contractors’ organization – Staff – Suppliers – Subcontractors 65

66. Public Entity’s Responsibility Review of the plans and specifications for: – Constructability – Operability, and – Environment compliance 66

67. Pre-construction activities 1.Prepare a written QA organizational operating plan (at the center level) 2.Review the site plan (field office) 3.Review the work loads at the site and determine the staffing needs 4.Ensure that the staffs have a clear understanding of QA/QC responsibilities 5.Identify training needs, design and provide training 67

68. 6. Review contractor’s QC plan and check the following: Does the QC plan adequately cover all features of the contract? Is the qualified QC staff adequately planned to maintain quality and conduct the tests? Has responsibility & authority rightly allocated to each staff? Is the channel of information flow rightly designed? Review the lab setting for its appropriateness for required tests Are the definable components are rightly identified e.g. for concreting work- formwork, reinforcing and other items, placement of concrete, mix design, etc. Accept the QC plan submitted by the contractor with subject to revision 68

69. Implementation 1.Conduct coordination meeting with the contractor (by the RE) for implementation of accepted QC/QA plan and prepare minutes of the meeting including the signature of the RE/PC/TL and the Contractor. 2.Verify test labs and or lab arrangement including its calibration 3.Spot check the contractors submittals 4.Review the contractors daily QC reports 5.Hold meetings at regular intervals 6.Monitor for the contractor’s work procedures for tracking construction defects/deficiencies 7.Maintain record (well documentation) 8.Be confirm that necessary “control” has been adopted 69

70. Guidelines for preparing QA Plan Identification of the activities and grouping them based on their criticality/importance Prepare inspection schedule QC test schedule Reporting process and formats Define authority for control Define process for correcting defects Schedule meetings with contractor Provide assistance as well as training Define responsibility center 70

71. Check list to Control Quality (Example) S. No.ActivityWhen (Yes) Who (No) 1Set out and maintain records of surveying and bench marks DateName 2Inspect and review contractors facilities at site 3Maintain monthly meeting records 4Inspect and review contractors survey and layout of works 5Inspect and review contractors test procedures and reports 6Inspect and review manufacturer’s production process 7Inspect and review the equipment mobilized at site 71

72. Quality Assurance Programs Involve: Site office planning Preparation of QA plan Review of QC plan Following and enforcing CoC Inspection Documentation, and Acceptance of the works after completion 72

73. Exercise Quality assurance plan Activity/ material Activities involved/ special features Inspection /test required Frequency and dates Who is responsible for inspection/test report preparation Who is responsible for control Water quality at source Water quality at outlet of the reservoir Water quality at the tap of the user 73

74. PDCA Cycle 74 Plan Do ActCheck

75. 75 धन्यबाद