1. Georgia and the American Experience
Chapter 10:
The Progressive Era
Study Presentation

2. Georgia and the American Experience
Section 1: The Progressive Movement
Section 2: Southern Politics in Action
Section 3: The Continuing Fight for Civil Rights
Section 4: Business in Georgia
Section 5: World War I

3. SS8H7
The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918.
SS8E3
A nation's ideals influence social, political, and economic development.

4. Section 1: The Progressive Movement
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
What changes were goals of the progressive movement?

5. Section 1: The Progressive Movement
What words do I need to know?
progressive movement
muckraker
chain gang
labor union
strike
sweatshop
prohibition
18th & 19th Amendments
suffragette

6. The Progressive Movement
Goal: Progress!
Society
Business
Government
fight poverty
improve working conditions
votes for women
prison reform
outlaw alcohol
break up large corporations
regulate businesses
decrease corporate power in government
greater voice of “the people”
more voters
did not seek to increase participation of blacks in elections
Progressives believe that government is best-equipped to take care of the problems of society.

7. Prison Reform 1908: end of convict lease system
Work camps and chain gangs replaced the lease system
Black-and-white uniforms
Chained together
Poor food & housing
No preparation for life after prison
Progressive legislators created the Juvenile Court System

9. Labor Unions Low wages in factories (10¢ per hour)
Labor Unions organized workers
Strikes could halt work in the factory
AFL: American Federation of Labor
Georgians didn’t support unions – factories were often in small communities where people knew each other
Mill towns: factory owner owned the workers’ houses – workers feared losing their homes

11. Child Labor Laws
Progressives increased regulations to protect child laborers
Minimum wage
Compulsory school attendance laws
Laws protecting children against work in dangerous places and using dangerous equipment (for example: mines)
In Georgia, most child workers in cotton fields or textile factories
In the North, child workers were in “sweatshops”

12. Progressives increased regulations to protect child laborers.

13. Child laborers in a GA textile mill.

14. Temperance Movement
WCTU: Women’s Christian Temperance Movement – wanted to end production and use of alcoholic beverages
Carrie Nation – famous for raiding saloons with a hatchet and making speeches against alcohol
Progressives in Georgia restricted alcohol sales near schools and churches, and allowed counties to vote to be “wet” or “dry”
1919: 18th Amendment banned manufacture, sale, transport of alcoholic beverages in USA; gave rise to organized crime (“The Mafia”)

15. Carrie Nation addressing a crowd on the subject of temperance
Carrie Nation addressing a crowd on the subject of temperance. She often appeared with a Bible in one hand and a hatchet in
the other.

16. Women’s Suffrage Suffrage: the right to vote
Seneca Falls, NY – famous meeting of suffragettes
1920: 19th Amendment gives women the right to vote – Georgia did not ratify (approve) the amendment

17. Triangle: The Fire That Changed America

18. The shirtwaist was a popular garment and was produced at the Triangle Factory.
A typical garment factory in the early 20th Century.

19. Fire engines race to the Triangle Building in response to several fire alarms set off when the blaze began.

20. Hoses did not have sufficient pressure to reach the fire on the 8th, 9th, and 10th floors.

21. NYCFD had new ladder trucks but the ladders were 30’ too short to help the victims. Some leaped from the windows and tried unsuccessfully to catch hold of the ladders as they fell.

22. Bodies of jumpers are visible against the wall in the background.

23. Policemen stand by bodies and watch helplessly as more victims choose to jump rather than to be burned alive. About 150 people died in the fire, which only lasted approximately 20 minutes.

24. Firemen lowered the victims’ bodies to the ground with ropes and pulleys.

25. Policemen identified bodies by tying tags on the toes.

26. The building’s fire escape ended abruptly in mid-air, directly above a large glass skylight.

27. The 9th floor after the blaze.

28. Policemen gathered the personal effects of the victims.

29. Huge crowds gathered at the makeshift morgue to attempt to identify the remains of their loved ones.

30. Placing the bodies in coffins.

31. The bodies were propped up in their coffins, lanterns were placed at intervals, and the crowd filed past. Nurses were recruited to turn away the morbidly curious.

32. Some victims were so disfigured that they had to be identified by jewelry, shoes, or other personal effects.

33. A funeral is held for one of the victims on a rainy day
A funeral is held for one of the victims on a rainy day . Others were buried in a mass funeral.

34. A news photo of the tragedy shows the collapsed fire escape and the damage done to the factory’s floors in less than 20 minutes.

35. Massive protests led to an investigation of the disaster and indictments for the Triangle’s owners.

36. The factory’s owners, Harris and Blanck, were tried for manslaughter
The factory’s owners, Harris and Blanck, were tried for manslaughter. Despite overwhelming evidence, including a locked door knob from the 8th floor, they only paid a token fine. Within a few weeks they had opened their factory in another building.

37. What caused the Triangle shirtwaist Fire?
What were the effects of the fire?

38. Section 2: Southern Politics in Action
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What were the goals of the populists in Georgia?

39. SS8H7
The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918.
SS8E3
A nation's ideals influence social, political, and economic development.

40. Section 2: Southern Politics in Action
What words do I need to know?
Populist party
Australian ballot
Rural Free Delivery bill
poll
Smith-Lever Act
Agricultural Extension Service
Smith-Hughes Act
county unit system
plurality

41. The People’s Party
Populism: political idea that supported the rights of the “common” people in their struggle with the wealthy people
Poor farmers and low wage workers were followers of Populists
Grange and Farmer’s Alliance worked to protect farmers’ rights – joined with unions to create People’s Party
Wanted “Australian ballot” – printed by the government, not local political parties, then collected and locked in ballot boxes
Tom Watson, famous Georgia populist, worked for Rural Free Delivery bill to deliver mail to rural areas for free

42. The Populist (or People's) Party platform in 1892 incorporated a host of popular reform ideas, including:
Australian (or Secret) Ballot
Popular Election of U.S. Senators
Direct Democracy
Banking Reform
Government Ownership of Railroads
Graduated Income Tax
Free and Unlimited Coinage of Silver
Prohibition

43. Dorothy represents an individualized ideal of the American people
Dorothy represents an individualized ideal of the American people. The brainless Scarecrow represents the Midwestern farmers; Tin Man represents the nation's factory workers, dehumanized by the production line; and the Cowardly Lion represents William Jennings Bryan.

44. The Munchkins represent “little people” – those with little or no political and economic power.

45. The Wicked Witch of the East represents eastern financial-industrial interests.

46. The Winged Monkeys, the unwilling minions of the Witch of the West, represent the Plains Indians.

47. The witch Glinda is a good witch who, unlike her eastern counterpart, understands the power of Dorothy's silver shoes.

48. The Wizard, who "can take on any form he wishes," represents the politicians of the era.

49. The Emerald City represents the capital, Washington
The Emerald City represents the capital, Washington. “Oz” is the abbreviation for gold. The yellow brick road represents the gold standard, a “road to nowhere” for Americans.

50. Georgia’s Progressive Era Governors
Hoke Smith: worked to concentrate political power in the rural counties instead of larger counties and cities
white supremacist
led passage of law requiring land ownership before a person could vote – excluded many blacks
better funding of public schools
child labor laws passed
Smith-Lever Act (1914): created Agricultural Extension Service to teach improved farming methods
Smith-Hughes Act: helped establish vocational schools for youth
“Little Joe” Brown: son of Civil War era governor Joseph E. Brown

51. The County Unit System
1917: Neil Primary Act created “county unit system”
Plan designed to give small counties more power in state government
Smaller counties had more county unit “votes” even though they had fewer voters
People could be elected to office without getting a majority of votes
Declared unconstitutional in 1962

52. Section 3: The Continuing Fight for Civil Rights
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
In what ways did Georgians fight for civil rights during the progressive era?

53. SS8H7
The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918.
SS8E3
A nation's ideals influence social, political, and economic development.

54. Section 3: The Continuing Fight for Civil Rights
What words do I need to know?
civil rights
Jim Crow laws
injunction
Atlanta Compromise speech
lynching
Back-to-Africa movement
grandfather clause
poll tax
gerrymander
martial law
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
National Urban League

55. Section 3: The Continuing Fight for Civil Rights
What people do I need to know?
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. DuBois
John & Lugenia Burns Hope
Leo Frank

56. Separate But Equal Civil Rights: rights a person has as a citizen
“Jim Crow” laws were passed in the South to separate blacks and whites
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Supreme Court decision which approved Jim Crow laws – decision in place until 1954
Cummings V. Richmond County Board of Education (1899): Supreme Court decision supporting segregated schools in Georgia

57. Booker T. Washington Outstanding civil rights leader of the era
President of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
Supported good relations between blacks and whites
Worked to improve the lives of African Americans through economic independence
Believed social and political equality would come with improved economic conditions and education
Famous “Atlanta Compromise” speech (1895)

58. W. E. B. DuBois Professor at Atlanta University
Believed in “action” if African Americans and whites were to understand and accept each other
Thought Booker T. Washington was too accepting of social injustice

59. John Hope Civil rights leader from Augusta, GA
President of Atlanta University
Like DuBois, believed that African Americans should actively work for equality
Part of group that organized NAACP
Hope’s wife, Lugenia, worked to improve sanitation, roads, healthcare and education for African American neighborhoods in Atlanta

60. A Loss of Voting Rights
Laws created to keep African Americans in Georgia from voting
Grandfather clause: only those men whose fathers or grandfathers were eligible to vote in 1867 could vote
Poll tax: a tax paid to vote
Voters had to own property
Voters had to pass a literacy test (which was determined by the poll worker and could be different for different people)
Gerrymandering: election districts drawn up to divide the African American voters

61. Race Riots in Atlanta
1906: various leaders and newspapers created a climate of anger and fear
Two-day riot began with over 5,000 people
Martial law: military forces used to control civilians
21 people killed; hundreds wounded
Extensive of property damage

62. African Americans Organize
NAACP (1909): worked for the rights of African Americans
W.E.B. DuBois left Atlanta to work for the NAACP in New York
National Urban League formed in 1910
Worked to solve social problems of African Americans in cities
Assisted people moving from rural South to urban North

63. The Trial of Leo Frank
1913: man accused of killing a 14-year-old employee, Mary Phagan in Atlanta
Mr. Frank was a Jewish man from New York
Little evidence against Mr. Frank, but he was convicted and sentenced to death
Governor John Slayton commuted death sentence to life imprisonment
Armed men took Frank from the prison, and he was lynched
White supremacist Ku Klux Klan reborn at Stone Mountain as a result

66. Mary Phagan’s dress, hat, shoes, and the cord used to strangle her.

68. Prison barracks from which Leo Frank was abducted.

69. The Lynching of Leo Frank

70. A Postcard Made From a Photograph of the Frank Lynching.

71. Many participants in lynchings were very proud of what they had done.

72. Note that children are in the crowd which gathered at the scene of the Frank lynching.

77. Between 1822 and 1968, 4,472 people (1,297 white, 3,445 black) were lynched in the United States.

78. Section 4: Business in Georgia
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How did Georgia businesses grow during the progressive era?

79. SS8H7
The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918.
SS8E3
A nation's ideals influence social, political, and economic development.

80. Section 4: Business in Georgia
What words do I need to know?
scrip

81. SS8H7
The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918.
SS8E3
A nation's ideals influence social, political, and economic development.

82. Section 4: Business in Georgia
What people do I need to know?
Alonzo Herndon
Asa Candler
Morris Rich

83. Business in Georgia 1895: Cotton States and International Exposition
800,000 visitors in three months
designed to show economic recovery in the South
encouraged investments in southern businesses

84. Rich’s Famous Atlanta department store Started in 1867 by Morris Rich
Known as a store “with heart”
took farmers’ produce in payment
took teachers’ scrip as money during the Great Depression
Grew to be a regional shopping chain; eventually bought out by Macy’s

85. Coca-Cola
Invented in Atlanta in 1885 by John S. Pemberton as a patent medicine
Business purchased and expanded by Asa Candler
Sold company in 1919 for $25 million
Robert Woodruff grew company to billions of dollars in sales each year
Woodruff and Candler generous givers to worthy causes

86. Prohibition gave Coca-cola a huge increase in business
Prohibition gave Coca-cola a huge increase in business. Note the ingredients listed in this old advertisement.
patent medicines

87. Atlanta Mutual Insurance Company
Alonzo Herndon started barber business
1905: Purchased small insurance company and managed it well
Now one of the largest African American businesses in the US
Worth over $200 million and operates in 17 states

88. Section 5: World War I ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How did Georgians contribute to World War I?

89. SS8H7
The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918.
SS8E3
A nation's ideals influence social, political, and economic development.

90. Section 5: World War I What words do I need to know? World War I
neutral
propaganda
armistice

91. Atlanta Fire May 21, 1917 Lasted 10-12 hours
Seventy city blocks destroyed
6,000-10,000 people left homeless

92. World War I 1914-1918 Allied Powers Leading Countries Central Powers
Russia
France
Great Britain
US (joined Allies in 1917)
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Ottoman Empire
President Woodrow Wilson declared that the US would be a neutral country.

93. How to Start a World War in Seven Easy Steps
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in Sarajevo.
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, which was allied with Russia, so….
Russia declared war on Austria,
which was Allied with Germany, so….
Germany declared war on Russia,
which was allied with France, so…
France declared war on Germany, which was allied with the Ottoman Empire, so…
The Ottoman Empire declared war on France, which was allied with Great Britain, so...
Great Britain Declared war on the Ottoman Empire.
The United States entered the war
In 1917 as a result of
Germany’s unrestricted
submarine warfare.

94. Eugene Jacques Bullard
First African American combat pilot – from Columbus, GA
Enlisted in French Foreign Legion: 1914
Flew combat missions against Germany
US Army Air Force refused his services

95. The United States Enters the War
President Wilson worked to keep the US out of the war
1915: German submarine sank passenger ship Lusitania killing 128 Americans
1917: sub attacks resumed sinking American ships
Zimmerman telegram: Germany tried to get Mexico to attack the US
Because of unrestricted submarine warfare, Wilson finally joined the Allied powers
US economy was its major contribution

96. The Sinking of the Lusitania

98. Georgia and World War I
±100,000 Georgians volunteered to join the US armed forces
Training in Georgia at Camp Benning, Fort McPherson, and Camp Gordon helped Georgia economy
Georgians contributed manufactured goods and farm produce
3,000 young Georgians killed in the war
Ended November 11, 1918

99. WWI Technology
Thousands of men on both sides died charging machine gun emplacements.
This German railroad gun required its own train and crew. It had a range of 29 miles.

101. German Zeppelins were used to attack British cities in the early days of the war.

102. Specialized aircraft were developed for dropping bombs
Specialized aircraft were developed for dropping bombs. Fighters were also developed to defend against bombers and attack enemy fighters.

103. British Sopwith Camel
French Nieuport 17
German Fokker DVII Albatross
German Fokker Triplane

104. Baron Manfred Von Richtofen, the “Red Baron.”

105. Death of the Red Baron

106. Poison gas was perhaps the worst weapon used in WWI
Poison gas was perhaps the worst weapon used in WWI. Military use of gas was eventually banned by international agreement.