1. 1 Chapter 7 Energy Conservation Lecture #14 HNRT 228 Energy and the Environment

2. 2 iClicker Question About what percentage of U.S. electricity is derived from nuclear power? – A10 – B20 – C30 – D40 – E50

3. 3 iClicker Question About what percentage of U.S. electricity is derived from nuclear power? – A10 – B20 – C30 – D40 – E50

4. 4 iClicker Question Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of electricity generated by nuclear power? – AUnited States – BUnited Kingdom (Great Britain) – CJapan – DFrance – ERussia

5. 5 iClicker Question Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of electricity generated by nuclear power? – AUnited States – BUnited Kingdom (Great Britain) – CJapan – DFrance – ERussia

6. 6 Which of the following describes the Roentgen? – A the unit of absorbed dose equivalent. – B the unit of absorbed dose. – C the unit of exposure to ionizing radiation – D all of the above – E none of the above iClicker Question

7. 7 Which of the following describes the Roentgen? – A the unit of absorbed dose equivalent. – B the unit of absorbed dose. – C the unit of exposure to ionizing radiation – D all of the above – E none of the above

8. 8 iClicker Question Which of the following describes the RAD? – A the unit of absorbed dose equivalent. – B the unit of absorbed dose. – C the unit of exposure to ionizing radiation – D all of the above – E none of the above

9. 9 iClicker Question Which of the following describes the RAD? – A the unit of absorbed dose equivalent. – B the unit of absorbed dose. – C the unit of exposure to ionizing radiation – D all of the above – E none of the above

10. 10 iClicker Question Which of the following describes the REM? – A the unit of absorbed dose equivalent. – B the unit of absorbed dose. – C the unit of exposure to ionizing radiation – D all of the above – E none of the above

11. 11 iClicker Question Which of the following describes the REM? – A the unit of absorbed dose equivalent. – B the unit of absorbed dose. – C the unit of exposure to ionizing radiation – D all of the above – E none of the above

12. 12 iClicker Question Which statement is true about fusion? – AFusion is just another name for nuclear fission. – BFusion and fission are variations of the same nuclear process. – CFusion is the breakup of heavier chemical elements into lighter chemical elements. – DFusion is the process of producing heavier chemical elements from lighter chemical elements. – EFusion is the process of converting energy into matter.

13. 13 iClicker Question Which statement is true about fusion? – AFusion is just another name for nuclear fission. – BFusion and fission are variations of the same nuclear process. – CFusion is the breakup of heavier chemical elements into lighter chemical elements. – DFusion is the process of producing heavier chemical elements from lighter chemical elements. – EFusion is the process of converting energy into matter.

14. 14 Overview of Chapter 7 Energy Conservation – Space Heating – Thermal Insulation – Air Infiltration – Lighting – Appliances – Some considerations of agriculture and industry

15. 15 Adapted from Home Energy Seminar at Tufts University with Professor Anja

16. 16 Home Energy Seminar Overview Home Energy - Lights Home Energy - Appliances Fridges,Washing machines,AC Home Energy - A little Physics Building diagnostics Insulation vs. Air-tightness Home Energy - Windows Home Energy - Heating Systems

17. 17 N.B. Addressing Energy Conservation Issues May Help Address Other Issues Energy Security National Security Job Security Air Pollution

18. 18 Efficiency Thoughts An estimated 94% of materials become waste before a product is even manufactured. Only 6 per cent of materials extracted each year are embodied in durable goods!

19. 19 Home Energy Seminary Save Money! Protect the Climate! Americans spend more than $160 billion a year to heat, cool, light and live in our homes. Homes use about 21% of the energy we use as a nation. Homes contribute about 17% of our national emissions of greenhouse gases.

20. 20 Compact Fluorescent Light bulbs (CFLs) More expensive upfront ($1- $12) but they can save $30- $50 over lifetime of bulb. Many different types of CFLs available (including for small fixtures, 3-ways, etc). Last 10 times longer! Watch for available rebates. Some chemical safety issues.

21. 21 Compact fluorescent bulbs Take 1-2 min to reach fullest brightness Are less bright when it is cold If concerned about brightness, buy higher wattage Should not flicker after 1-2 seconds

22. 22 Are not all of equally good quality Test out a brand before you invest much in them Compact fluorescent bulbs Regular CFLs don’t work in dimmable fixtures Buy a dimmable CFL Check out www.efi.org for other specialty bulbs

23. 23 Have a small amount of mercury: call your locality about proper disposal. But they still use less mercury than would have been produced at the power plant when you use a regular incandescent bulb Compact fluorescent bulbs

24. 24 If every household in the US replaced its fixtures with CFLs Possible Savings: 800 million MWh Compact fluorescent bulbs

25. 25 Halogen Torchieres Nice light but… Energy Hog! Uses 300W – 500W…. (a normal bulb uses 60W) Halogen torchieres are also a fire hazard! Buy a torchiere which uses a CFL

26. 26 Appliances Energy Star: www.energystar.gov Look for the energy star label! More than 35 product categories are available with the ENERGY STAR label. Careful! Energy Star appliances are rated by size class. Look for the smallest appliance that fits your needs.

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28. 28 Refrigerator If your refrigerator is more than 8 years old, it makes sense to replace it. The new one will pay for itself in energy savings in about 3-6 years. Again! Energy Star appliances are rated by size class. Look for the smallest refrigerator that fits your needs! Side-by-side are least efficient.

29. 29 iClicker Question How many fewer power plants might be needed if every household changed to compact fluorescent lighting? – AAbout one – BMore than one – CMore than 100

30. 30 iClicker Question How many fewer power plants might be needed if every household changed to compact fluorescent lighting? – AAbout one – BMore than one – CMore than 100

31. 31 BAD: Top-loader GOOD: Front-loader Washing Machines 40 to 60% less water 30 to 50% less energy 50 to 70% less detergent

32. 32 Top-loader: 40 gallons of water per load. Front loader: 20 - 25 gallons. You could save as much as 7,000 gallons of water per year! Gentler on clothes. Decreases drying time considerably. Do a better job cleaning clothes. Be modern, get a front-loader! Top-loaders are the technology your grandparents used Only do full loads. Use cold water as often as possible. Front –loading Washing Machines

33. 33 Conventional Dryer 800-1000 kW/year $80-$120/ year Be old-fashioned - dry your clothes like your grandparents did! Tip: If you do not have time to hang all your clothes, hang the heavy, and thick items: towels, sheets, socks…

34. 34 Use Fans Instead of AC! Only 10-15% of the energy an AC uses. (Shut the fan off when you leave the room, because it does not actually cool the air but just move it. The exception to this is a window fan to get cool night air from the outside into the house.)

35. 35 Be cheap! Turn it off! Most electricity is used by things that are on a lot and use a lot of power: Refrigerator (500kWh-1300 kWh per year) Freezer (500kWh-1300 kWh per year) Desktop Computer (300-1000 kWh per year) Lights Don’t forget to turn your heat or AC off /down!

36. 36 iClicker Question Which type of washing machine conserves the most energy and water? – ATop loader – BFront loader – CThere is no difference

37. 37 iClicker Question Which type of washing machine conserves the most energy and water? – ATop loader – BFront loader – CThere is no difference

38. 38 Myth Turning off your computer will harm it. WRONG! This used to be true back when computers had green screens and punched cards……

39. 39 Myth Leaving your heat on is more efficient than turning it down because you need so much energy to heat the house back up. WRONG! Think about it! It’s as if you’d claim that putting down your suitcase while waiting for the bus uses more energy than holding it up the whole time, because you’d have to pick it up again.

40. 40 Get a Home Energy Audit A professional will be able to analyze your house and give you advise. You’ll get most out of it, if you are well educated. Prepare well and ask lot’s of questions.

41. 41 Convection The flow of hot and cold gases This is how heat travels through leaks, cracks and gaps in your house. A Little Physics: How Heat Travels:

42. 42 Will she be warm enough in the winter? Convection: Air leaks: This is why you wear a wind breaker over your woolen sweater!

43. 43 Blower-Door Test

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45. 45 What You Can Do: Use weather stripping and caulking. It is cheap and it works. Stay warm Save Money From the simple to the sophisticated, air sealing pays

46. 46 Heat exchange between adjacent molecules Conduction This is how heat travels through materials. Some materials conduct heat better than others. Insulation slows the movement of heat.

47. 47 Lower Conduction with Insulation: This is why you wear a woolen sweater in winter and a cotton sweatshirt in the summer

48. 48 Infra -red Photography

49. 49 Windows are rated by: Conductance: U-value Low U-value = high insulation properties You want: Low U- Value Insulation is rated by: Resistance: R-Value High R-value = high insulation properties You want: High R- Value

50. 50 Two components to good weatherization Minimize air leaks Optimize insulation

51. 51 iClicker Question Which unit is used to measure insulation of walls? – AQ-value – BR-value – CS-value – DT-value – EU-value

52. 52 iClicker Question Which unit is used to measure insulation of walls? – AQ-value – BR-value – CS-value – DT-value – EU-value

53. 53 iClicker Question Which unit is used to measure insulation of windows? – AQ-value – BR-value – CS-value – DT-value – EU-value

54. 54 iClicker Question Which unit is used to measure insulation of windows? – AQ-value – BR-value – CS-value – DT-value – EU-value

55. 55 How Your House Loses Heat

56. 56 Insulation (conduction): Get your walls and attic insulated! Insulating your walls and attic, along with addressing leaks around your doors and windows, can save as much as 30% on your heating bill. Insulate before you replace windows: it will cost you much less and save you more. Watch out for active knob-and-tube wiring before you insulate!

57. 57 Insulation materials Fiberglass

58. 58 Insulation materials Cellulose

59. 59 Fiberglass Vs. Cellulose

60. 60 Fiberglass vs. Cellulose Fiberglass: like a woolen sweater + easy to install + can be cheaper + moisture tolerant - does not stop air flow - poor fire protection - most of the times poorly installed Cellulose: like a down jacket + stops air flow + better fire protection + can fill up nooks and crannies. - does not tolerate moisture very well

61. 61 iClicker Question Which of the following will conserve more energy. – AA wall with R-value 12 – BA wall with R-value 14 – CA wall with R-value 16 – DA wall with R-value 18 – EA wall with R-value 20

62. 62 iClicker Question Which of the following will conserve more energy. – AA wall with R-value 12 – BA wall with R-value 14 – CA wall with R-value 16 – DA wall with R-value 18 – EA wall with R-value 20

63. 63 iClicker Question Which of the following will conserve more energy. – AA window with U-value 0.12 – BA window with U-value 0.14 – CA window with U-value 0.16 – DA window with U-value 0.18 – EA window with U-value 0.20

64. 64 iClicker Question Which of the following will conserve more energy. – AA window with U-value 0.12 – BA window with U-value 0.14 – CA window with U-value 0.16 – DA window with U-value 0.18 – EA window with U-value 0.20

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66. 66 Cellulose Installation Pay back is 1-5 years Cost: $1000 - $5000

67. 67 Insulation Materials Spray-foams Icynene; 2-part polyurethanes; Soy-based Rigid foams

68. 68 General Insulation Strategies Use an insulation that air-seals and insulates – Spray foam – Dense-pack (or wet-spray) cellulose When practical, insulate the outermost plane – Attic roof rather than floor joists – Crawlspace floor and walls rather than ceiling – Basement walls rather than ceiling Slide by Paul Eldrenkamp @ Byggmeister

69. 69 Radiation Electro-magnetic waves emitted from hot objects This is the how the sun heats the surface of the earth. This is why it can get very hot in a car in the summer.

70. 70 Window Replacement + New high-quality windows are definitively more energy-efficient and will cut your heating bills. + You’ll get rid of lead paint. + New windows are easier to operate and clean. - High-quality windows are expensive ($300-$600 per opening) - They have a very long pay back (30-50 years) - Esthetics

71. 71 Window Replacement The Don’t’s Don’t get single pane. Don’t be lured by the cheap price of some windows. You get what you pay for. The Do’s Get double or triple pane windows. Get high quality windows. Make sure to get an experienced installer who will pay attention to details (and insulate the weight box) Get Low-e coating with argon fill. Wood or fiberglass frames are best.

72. 72 Windows: Invest in good storms, weather stripping, caulk, plastic

73. 73 Largest energy expense in the home. What system? Steam, hot water, forced air? Gas, oil, electric, wood Heating Systems

74. 74 Sizing? Most systems are oversized To tell how much, see how long it runs out of each hour during cold weather. If less than half the time, a smaller system will save energy. Replacing your system: Insist on a heat loss analysis If your plumber sizes the system by the old system, take your business elsewhere!

75. 75 Efficiency Check www.energystar.gov Go for over 90% efficiency. (Gas boilers can achieve higher efficiencies.) Check for rebates!

76. 76 Don’t trust just your plumber! A little upfront research can make a big difference. Recommended reading: www.aceee.org/consumerguide/index.htm Replacing a Heating System

77. 77 Stay away from electric heat. It’s very expensive. No electric water heater No electric furnaces No space heaters Electric Heat Exception: If you want to heat only a small space in a large house

78. 78 #2 Heating Oil 1/3 more carbon emissions than natural gas Natural Gas More climate friendly More chimney friendly Less air pollution No oil tank More expensive than oil…. Home Oil or Gas? … unfortunately, doing the right thing is not always the cheaper thing… Also: Efficiency can make up for it.

79. 79 High-cost but low-impact issues Vapor barriers – Vapor diffusion varies largely  based upon climate – Big difference between a vapor barrier and an air barrier – Vapor barrier can be painted

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81. 81 High-cost but low-impact issues Roof venting – Cold roof vs. hot roof (vented vs. unvented) – Instead of investing heavily in venting, invest in better roof insulation

82. 82 Roof venting: Ice dams

83. 83 Summary Saving energy in a home does more than just save money. Solve the big problems first—health & safety issues Control moisture and pollutants at source Air-seal and insulate (with the same material if possible) Perform pre- and post-weatherization evaluations (blower door, infrared)