1. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 1 Barriers for Deconstruction and Recycling of the Currently Built Single Detached Houses S. Nakajima Building Research Institute J. Koga Building Research Institute

2. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 2 Recycle ratio of concrete and wood ConcreteWood The recycle ratio is increasing for these ten years in Japan.

3. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 3 Recycle ratio of concrete and wood Most of the concrete wastes are used for road beddings. ConcreteWood

4. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 4 Recycle ratio of concrete and wood ConcreteWood Most of the wooden wastes are used in the production of energy.

5. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 5 -Gypsum boards: -Glass: -Plastics: The recycle ratio of the deconstruction waste are still very low. Other Materials

6. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 6 -Currently built single detached houses are significantly difficult to deconstruct and the waste generated during the dismantling process have low potential to be recycled as raw materials to reproduce building materials or other products. -To make effective feedback loops of the building materials it is quite necessary to design houses that can be easily deconstructed. -To do this it is quite necessary to precisely know what is ongoing on the deconstruction or dismantle sites to get the ideas for better design. Introduction

7. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 7 -The dismantling or deconstruction process of 16 single detached houses were carefully recorded to get information that can be fed backed to the design of the houses. Introduction Continued

8. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 8 Record Keeping on Site -The record of the whole dismantling or deconstruction process of the 16 houses was kept on site. -The types of the dismantling or deconstruction works and amount of the workers being involved in each work were recorded every 30 minutes.

9. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 9 Hand Works Items of the Dismantling Works Machine Works Waste Transportation Others Works and Activities

10. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 10 ･･････ Total 17 sub items Hand Works Sub Items of the “Hand Works” Curing Removing furniture Removing facilities Removing doors and windows Removing flooring materials Removing fixed furniture Removing interior finish Removing interior fittings Removing gypsum boards Etc.

11. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 11 Machine Works Sub Items of the “Machine Works” Preparation works Dismantling Building Dismantling Foundation Dismantling building Separating waste by machine Moving waste by machine Loading waste by machine Water sprinkling by hand Separating waste assisted by hand Loading waste assisted by hand ････････ Total 5 sub items Etc.

12. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 12 Sub Items of the “Transportation” Transportation Preparation works Arranging the bed of the truck / Taking photos Write the declarer sheets Transportation Loading and unloading the container Truck washing Waste Transportation

13. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 13 Sub Items of the “Other Works” Cleaning Consultation Break Waiting Preparation works Instruction Others Works and Activities

14. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 14 Database and Tool -The records kept on the dismantling and deconstruction site were formed into a database. -A tool was prepared to demonstrate and analyze the data. Date and time Items of works Numbers of workers in charged Detail information Machine operation DATABASE

15. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 15 Data Demonstrating Window

16. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 16 Data Demonstrating Window The types of works being conducted

17. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 17 Data Demonstration Window Number of workers being involved

18. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 18 Data Demonstration Window Usage of dismantling machine YES / NO

19. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 19 Data View Window Detail Information of the of the dismantling or deconstruction works

20. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 20 Data View Window Date and time

21. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 21 Data Analyzing Window

22. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 22 Data Analyzing Window By choosing the item and the sub- item the total works for those items can be calculated.

23. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 23 Data Analyzing Window By choosing “Machine Operation (Y/N)” the total works consumed in machine dismantling process can be calculated

24. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 24 Data Analyzing Window All dismantling works were categorized into 6 types of dismantling processes. The processes are: (1) Dismantling / Deconstruction (2) Separation and selection (3) Loading (4) Preparation works (5) Transportation works (6) Other works and activities Works spent in each process can be calculated.

25. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 25 Data Analyzing Window Results

26. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 26 Results – Works Spent Dismantled Deconstructed Works spent to dismantle or deconstruct a unit floor area.

27. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 27 Results in Detail - House A

28. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 28 Ratio of Each Work DeconstructedDismantled P&B2x4 Wood Panel Steel Framed P&B Steel Framed

29. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 29 Ratio of Each Works In average 65% of the dismantling work was spent in the dismantling works. P&B2x4 Wood Panel Steel Framed P&B Steel Framed

30. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 30 Ratio of Each Work In average 40% of the work was spent in dismantling the house by hand. P&B2x4 Wood Panel Steel Framed P&B Steel Framed

31. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 31 Ratio of Each Work In average 25% of the work was spent in dismantling the house by machine. P&B2x4 Wood Panel Steel Framed P&B Steel Framed

32. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 32 Ratio of Each Work In average 10% of the work was spent in transporting the waste. P&B2x4 Wood Panel Steel Framed P&B Steel Framed

33. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 33 Hand v.s. Machine Dismantling Work The total work required to dismantle the house depended on the work consumed in the hand dismantling process.

34. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 34 Works Spent in Each Process In average almost 25% of the work was spent in the dismantling process and 15% was spent in the separating and selecting process.

35. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 35 Types and Amount of Waste Deconstructed and rebuilt

36. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 36 Undesirable Designs For D

37. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 37 Undesirable Designs For D

38. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 38 Undesirable Designs For D

39. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 39 Undesirable Designs For D

40. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 40 Undesirable Designs For D

41. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 41 Undesirable Designs For D

42. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 42 Undesirable Designs For D

43. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 43 Undesirable Designs For D

44. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 44 Undesirable Designs For D

45. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 45 Undesirable Designs For D -Using difficult to handle materials. For example non-packaged fiber or pulp insulation materials. These materials can easily brew away all over the floor and become difficult to handle. -Using materials composed with different types of materials.

46. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 46 Undesirable Designs For D -Gluing finishing materials or sub materials to the wood framings or steel framings. -Gluing different types of materials to compose slabs or walls. -Sealing the gap between the steel framings and the concrete panels.

47. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 47 Conclusion -The database for the dismantling process of the single detached houses was formed. -The database gives useful information for the future designing of the buildings. -Particularly the finishing materials are usually replaced say every 15 years during the service life of buildings. -At least for these materials we should think about the alternative design that enables the resource circulation.

48. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 48 Conclusion Continued -To design demountable houses it is important to minimize the use composite materials. -To design demountable houses it is important not to make composite members in the process of constructing buildings.

49. B UILDING R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE 49 Thank you for your kind attention.