1. Bellringer
Compare and explain in complete
sentences what is work

2. Homework
CALCULATE KINETIC ENERGY OF AN OBJECT DROPPED FROM A BUILDING 10 M HIGH, MASS 50 kg
JUST BEFORE IT HITS THE GROUND

3. Work, Power
&
Machines

4. Objectives Define work and identify the units
Describe the conditions that must exist for a force to do work on an object
Calculate the work done on an object
Describe and calculate power
Compare the units of watts and horsepower as they relate to power

5. Work
Definition
- quantity of energy transferred by a force when it is applied to a body and causes that body to move in the direction of force
Formula
- W = F x D
Units
- Newton meter (N/m) or a joule (J)

6. Work Continued Two factors
1. size of force, and direction it is applied
ex: pulling a suitcase
* any part of a force that does not act in the direction of motion does no work on an object
2. movement of something by that force

7. Work Cont.
A weight lifter who holds a barbell weighing 1000 N does NO work
Why?
- he may get very tired, but if the barbell is not moved by the force he exerts, he does no work on the barbell
- work is done on his muscles when he raises the barbell

8. Work Problems
Q: A crane uses an average force of 5200 N to lift a girder 25 m. How much work does the crane do on the girder?
A: W = (5200N)(25m) = 1.3 x105 J
Q: While rowing in a race, John uses his arms to exert a force of 165 N per stroke while pulling the oar m. How much work does he do in 30 strokes?
A: W = (30)(165N)(0.800m) = 3960 J 4.0 x 103

9. Work Problems Cont.
Q: Jake, a 235 N track athlete completes his race, which totals 1575 J, what is the total distance Jake ran?
A: 1575 J = 6.70 m
235 N
Q: Joey, performed 900 J of work, while lifting a box 12 meters. What force did Joey exert on the box?
A:75 N

10. Power
Definition
- a quantity that measures the rate at which work is done
Formula
- P = W/t
Unit
- Joule per second (J/s) or Watts (W)
- Horsepower (Hp) = 746 W

12. Power Problems
Q: Using a jack, a mechanic does 5350 J of work to lift a car m in 50.0 s. What is the mechanic’s power output?
A: P = 5350J/ 50.0s = 107 W
Q: Anna walks up the stairs on her way to class, She weighs 565 N and the stairs go up 3.25 m vertically. Calculate the power output if she climbs the stairs in 12.6 s. What is her power output if she climbs the stairs in 10.5 s?
A: P = (565N)(3.25m)/12.6s =146 W
P = (565N)(3.25m)/10.5s = 175 W

13. Objectives Describe what a machine is and how it makes work easier
Relate the work input to a machine to the work output of the machine
Compare a machines actual mechanical advantage to its ideal mechanical advantage
Calculate the ideal and actual mechanical and actual mechanical advantages of various machines
Explain why efficiency of a machine is always less than 100%
Calculate the machines efficiency

14. Machines Definition - a device that changes force
ex. jack, nutcracker, an oar
How does a machine change force?
- 3 ways a machine makes work easier to perform
- change the size of force needed
- the direction of a force
- the distance over which a force acts

15. Changing the Force Increasing the force you applied
ex. jack applied to a car
- small force exerted over a large distance becomes a large force exerted over a short distance

16. *remember the trade off: small distance large force*
Changing the Distance
Increasing distance
ex. rowing a boat with oars
small movement of oar at the hands makes a large distance the oar in the water will move.
*remember the trade off: small distance large force*

17. Changing the Direction
Changing the direction of the applied force
ex. rowing a boat
- pulling back on the handle of the oars causes its other end to move in the opposite direction.

18. Work Input
Work Input
- the work done on a machine as the input force acts through the input distance
- input force: force exerted on a machine
- input distance: distance the input force acts through
- equals the input force multiplied by the input distance
ex. rowing a boat
- input distance < output distance
- input force > output force

19. Work Output Work Output
- the work done by a machine as the output force acts through the output distance
- output force: force exerted by a machine
- output distance: distance the output force is exerted through
*due to friction the work done by a machine is always less than the work done on the machine

20. Mechanical Advantage Definition
- a quantity that measures how much a machine multiplies force or distance
Two types
Actual: measures the actual forces action on a machine
- AMA = output force
input force
Ideal: measures the mechanical advantage in the absence of friction
- IMA = input distance
output distance

21. Mechanical Advantage Problems
Q: Alex pulls on the handle of a claw hammer with a force of 15 N. If the hammer has a actual mechanical advantage of 5.2, how much force is exerted on a nail in the claw?
A: output force = (5.2)(15N) = 78 N
Q: If you exert 100 N on a jack to lift a 10,000 N car, what would be the jack’s actual mechanical advantage (AMA)
A: AMA= 10,000 N / 100 N = 100

22. Mechanical Advantage Problems
Q: Calculate the ideal mechanical advantage (IMA) of a ramp that is 6.0 m long and 1.5 m high?
A: IMA = 6.0m / 1.5m = 4.0
Q: The IMA of a simple machine is If the output distance of the machine is 1.0 m, what is the input distance?
A: Input distance = (2.5)(1.0m) = 2.5 m

23. Efficiency of Machines
Definition
- a quantity, usually expressed as a percentage, that measures the ratio of useful work input
Formula
- Efficiency = useful work output
work input
- % of work input that becomes work output
- due to friction, efficiency of any machine is always less than 100%

24. Efficiency Problems
Q: Alice and Jim calculate that they must do 1800 J of work to push a piano up a ramp. However, because they must also overcome friction, they must actually do 2400 J of work. What is the efficiency of the ramp?
A: 1800 J/ 2400 J x 100 = 75%
Q: If the machine has an efficiency of 40%, and you do 1000 J of work on the machine, what will be the work output of the machine?
A: Work Output = (Efficiency x work input) / 100%
Work Output = (40% x 1000 J) / 100% = 4.0 x 102 J

25. Objectives
Name, describe and give an example of each of the six types of simple machines
Describe how to determine the ideal mechanical advantage of different types of simple machines
Define and identify compound machines
Recognize simple machines within compound machines

26. Simple Machines Definition - one of the six basic types of machines
2 types or families
1. lever
2. inclined planes

27. Levers
Definition
- a rigid bar that is free to move around a fixed point
ex. screwdriver
all levers have a rigid arm that turns around a point called the fulcrum
force is transferred from one part of the arm to another
original input force can be multiplied or redirected into output force
levers are divided into 3 classes, based on the locations of the input force, output force, and the fulcrum

28. Lever Family Cont. 3 classes 1. First class
- fulcrum is in the middle of an arm
- the input force acts on one end
- the other end applies an output force
- MA can be: <1, >1, =1
ex. teeter totter, scissors, tongs
2. Second class
- fulcrum is at one end of the arm - input force is applied to the other end
- output force is in the middle
- MA will always > 1
ex. wheel barrow

29. Lever Family Cont. - input force is in the middle
3. Third class
- input force is in the middle
- output force is one one end
- fulcrum is on the other end
- multiplies distance rather than force
MA always < 1
ex. baseball bats, hockey sticks, golf clubs, human body

30. Wheel and Axis Definition
- simple machine that consists of two disks or cylinders, each one with a different radius
ex. steering wheel, screwdriver
made of a level or a pulley (wheel) connected to a shaft (axle)
small input force, multiplied to become a large output force

31. Inclined Planes Definition
- slanted surface along which a force moves an object to a different elevation
ex. knife, ax, zipper, wedge, screw
ramp redirects the force applied to lift object upward
turns a small input force into a large output force by spreading the work out over a large distance
- wedge: functions as two inclined planes back to back, turning a downward force into two forces directed out to the sides
-screw: an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder

32. Pulleys
Definition
- a simple machine that consists of a rope that fits into a groove in a wheel.
- very similar to a lever
point in the middle of the pulley is like a fulcrum
rest of the pulley acts like the rigid arm
3 Types of Pulleys
- fixed pulleys
- moveable pulleys
- pulley system

33. Types of Pulleys
fixed pulleys: changes the direction of the input force
moveable pulleys: changes both the direction and the size of the input force
pulley system: made of both fixed and moveable pulleys

34. Compound Machines Definition
- a machine that is made of more than one simple machine
ex. scissors, jacks, bicycle, washing machine, car, clock