1. Skill Lecture \ 1

2. Learning objectives
To know what is the lab department and it is roles.
List the lab sections and their function.
Identify some lab equipments and their uses.
To understand the meaning of ( safety rules ).
General Safety Procedures.
Rules of Obtaining the Specimen.

3. Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank department
Definition :
laboratory medicine : is the branch of medicine which provide physicians and other healthcare professionals with information to :
1- detect disease or predisposition to disease .
2- confirm or reject a diagnosis .
3- establish prognosis .
4- guide patient management .
5- monitor efficacy therapy .
6- direct prevention of disease and health care planning .

4. Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank department
Blood Bank ( transfusion medicine ) :
is a multidisciplinary specialty encompassing all aspects of blood donation , blood component preparation , serology ( antibody screening ) , and blood transfusion therapy .

5. Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank department
Sections/branches : they are different among hospitals
1- blood bank : offering cross match, antibody detection, donor screening , providing blood & blood component
2- clinical biochemistry : offering a wide range of chemistry parameters including :  
enzymology, toxicology and endocrinology.
3- histopathology & cytopathology : giving the service of cytology & biopsy report for all the tissue .

6. Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank department
4- hematology : offering routine CBC , coagulation profile and bone marrow aspirate . 5- microbiology : offering the gram’s stain , culture & sensitivity . In some hospitals it is offering Z.N stain . 6- parasitology : routine exam of stool & urine . 7- serology & virology : screening of hepatitis , HIV, and other serology test . 8- receiving section : receives the samples from all wards

7. Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank department
Lab equipments :
1- Autoclave :
is an instrument used to
 sterilize equipment and
supplies by subjecting
them to high pressure
saturated steam at 121 °C
for around 15–20 minutes depending
on the size of the load and the contents

8. Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank department
2- Incubator : is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as the (CO2) and O2 content of the atmosphere inside.

9. Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank department
3- Centrifuge The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration causes more dense substances to separate out along the bottom of the tube & lighter objects will tend to move to the top of the tube .

10. Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank department
4- Biosafety cabinet is an enclosed, ventilated Laboratory workspace for safely working with materials contaminated with pathogens requiring a defined biosafety level.

11. Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank department
5- Pipette (micro pipette) is a laboratory tool used to transport a measured volume of liquid.

12. Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank department
6- Petri dish
is a shallow glass or
 plastic cylindrical 
lidded dish .
Agar plate : is a Petri dish  partially
filled with growth medium
Usually warm liquid
containing agar and
a mixture of specific
ingredients . After the
agar cools and solidifies,
the dish is ready to receive
a microbe-laden sample in
a process known as inoculation 
or "plating".

13. Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank department
7- water bath 8- plastic pipette 9- mixer 10- microscope 11- Cuvette

14. Safety rules DEFINITION:
Safety is the control of recognized hazards to achieve an acceptable level of risk.
This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to something that causes health or economical losses. It can include protection of people or of possessions.

15. Safety rules General Safety Procedures
1- All department employees report defective equipment, unsafe conditions, acts or safety hazards to supervisor.
2- Keep electrical cords clear of passageways.
3- All equipment and supplies must be properly stored. Heavy items not stored on top shelves.
4- Scissors, knives, pins, razor blades and other sharp instruments safely stored and used.

16. Safety rules
5- All electric machines with heat producing elements turned off when not in use. 6- Minor spills, i.e., water, cleaned by the employee who discovers the spill. Major spills cleaned by Environmental Services Department.

17. Safety rules
7- Obey warning signs.

21. Safety rules
8- Wear suitable clothing 9- Keep hands away from sample needles and probes in the instrument chambers.

22. Safety rules
10- Equipments not left standing in traffic lanes. 11- Do not obstruct fire equipment. Know location of firefighting equipment and how to use it. Know evacuation routes and what to do in case of fire. 12- All Clinical Laboratory materials, bottles, specimens, etc., shall be plainly labeled. 13- Mouth pipetting is prohibited. 14- Disposable gloves must be worn as indicated.

23. Safety rules
15- Any working area that becomes contaminated, cleaned immediately with a disinfecting solution. 16- Any specimen of blood, urine, sputum, saliva, other body fluid or tissue must be regarded as potentially infectious.

24. Safety rules Rules of obtaining the Specimen
1- Always use Standard Precautions.
2- Avoid contact of open skin lesions with blood.
3- Hands are to be washed if they become contaminated with blood while taking specimens.

25. Safety rules
4- Do not bend needles after use. Do not reinsert used needles in their original containers. Place used needles in the puncture-resistant container provided for disposal needles. 5- Gloves and lab coats are to be worn while obtaining all specimens. 6- After removing gloves and lab coat wash hands thoroughly.

26. Thank you