1. LecturePLUS Timberlake1 Chapter 4 Compounds and Their Bonds Covalent Bonds Covalent Compounds Bond Polarity Polyatomic Ions

2. LecturePLUS Timberlake2 Covalent Bonds Formed between two nonmetals in 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A Nonmetals have high electronegativity values Electrons are shared single bond shares one pair electrons double bond shares two pairs electrons triple bond shares three pairs electrons

3. LecturePLUS Timberlake3 Learning Check C1 Indicate whether a bond between the following would be 1) Ionic2) covalent ____A. sodium and oxygen ____B. nitrogen and oxygen ____C. phosphorus and chlorine ____D. calcium and sulfur ____E. chlorine and bromine

4. LecturePLUS Timberlake4 Solution C1 Indicate whether a bond between the following would be 1) Ionic2) covalent _1_A. sodium and oxygen _2_B. nitrogen and oxygen _ 2_C. phosphorus and chlorine _1_D. calcium and sulfur _2_E. chlorine and bromine

5. LecturePLUS Timberlake5 Covalent Bonds Two nonmetal atoms form a covalent bond because they have less energy after they bonded H  +  H H : H = H  H = H 2 hydrogen molecule

6. LecturePLUS Timberlake6 Diatomic Molecules Gases that exist as diatomic molecules are H 2, F 2, N 2, O 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2 octets          N  +  N   N ::: N  triple bond

7. LecturePLUS Timberlake7 Learning Check C2 Use the name of the element to name the following diatomic molecules? H 2 hydrogen N 2 nitrogen Cl 2 _______________ O 2 _______________ I 2 _______________

8. LecturePLUS Timberlake8 Solution C2 Use the name of the element to name the following diatomic molecules? H 2 hydrogen N 2 nitrogen Cl 2 _______________ O 2 _______________ I 2 _______________

9. LecturePLUS Timberlake9 Covalent Bonds in NH 3 Bonding pairs H  H : N : H  Lone pair of electrons

10. LecturePLUS Timberlake10 Naming Binary Covalent Compounds Two nonmetals Name each element End the last element in -ide Add prefixes to show more than 1 atom Prefixes mon1 penta5 di2hexa6 tri3 tetra4

11. LecturePLUS Timberlake11 Learning Check C3 CO carbon ______oxide CO 2 carbon _______________ PCl 3 phosphorus _______chloride CCl 4 carbon ________chloride N 2 O_____nitrogen _____oxide

12. LecturePLUS Timberlake12 Solution C3 CO carbon monoxide CO 2 carbon dioxide PCl 3 phosphorus trichloride CCl 4 carbon tetrachloride N 2 Odinitrogen monoxide

13. LecturePLUS Timberlake13 Learning Check C4 A.P 2 O 5 1) phosphorus oxide 2) phosphorus pentoxide 3) diphosphorus pentoxide B.Cl 2 O 7 1) dichlorine heptoxide 2) dichlorine oxide 3) chlorine heptoxide C. Cl 2 1) chlorine 2) dichlorine 3) dichloride

14. LecturePLUS Timberlake14 Solution C4 A.P 2 O 5 3) diphosphorus pentoxide B.Cl 2 O 7 1) dichlorine heptoxide C. Cl 2 1) chlorine

15. LecturePLUS Timberlake15 Electronegativity Values The attraction of an atom for electrons is its electronegativity value Fluorine has the highest electronegativities F = 4.0, O = 3.5, Cl = 3.0, N = 3.0 C = 2.5, P = 2.1 The metals have low electronegativities Mg = 1.2, Ca = 1.0, Na = 0.9, K = 0.8

16. LecturePLUS Timberlake16 Bond Polarity: Nonpolar Nonpolar covalent bond Electrons are shared between atoms with the same electronegativity values. Difference = 0 Examples: N 2 = 3.0 - 3.0 = 0 Br 2 =2.8 - 2.8 = 0

17. LecturePLUS Timberlake17 Bond Polarity: Polar Polar covalent bond Electrons are shared between atoms with different electronegativity values. Difference 0.1 to 1.6 Examples: O-Cl (3.5-3.0)= 0.5 O-S (3.5 - 2.5) = 1.0

18. LecturePLUS Timberlake18 Bond Polarity: Ionic Ionic bond Electrons are transferred from one atom to another Difference greater than 2.0 Examples: NaCl(0.9 - 3.0)= 2.1 KF(0.8 - 4.0)= 3.2

19. LecturePLUS Timberlake19 Learning Check C5 Identify the type of bond between the following atoms (electronegativity values Na 0.9, K 0.8, N 3.0, Cl 3.0, O 3.5): A. K-N 1) nonpolar2) polar3) ionic B. N-O 1) nonpolar2) polar3) ionic C. Cl-Cl 1) nonpolar2) polar3) ionic

20. LecturePLUS Timberlake20 Solution C5 Identify the type of bond between the following atoms (electronegativity values Na 0.9, K 0.8, N 3.0, Cl 3.0, O 3.5): A. K-N 3) ionic B. N-O 2) polar C. Cl-Cl 1) nonpolar

21. LecturePLUS Timberlake21 Polyatomic Ions A group of atoms with an overall charge. NH 4 + ammoniumOH - hydroxide NO 3 - nitrateNO 2 - nitrite CO 3 2- ______________ HCO 3 - hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)

22. LecturePLUS Timberlake22 More Polyatomic Ions Sulfur SO 4 2- sulfate SO 3 2- sulfite HSO 4 - hydrogen sulfate HSO 3 - hydrogen sulfite Phosphate PO 4 3- phosphate PO 3 3- ____________ HPO 4 2- _______________________________ H 2 PO 4 - dihydrogen phosphate

23. LecturePLUS Timberlake23 Naming Ternary Compounds Contain at least 3 elements Name the nonmetals as a polyatomic ion Examples: NaNO 3 Sodium nitrate K 2 SO 4 Potassium sulfate Al(HCO 3 ) 3 Aluminum bicarbonate or aluminum hydrogen carbonate

24. LecturePLUS Timberlake24 Learning Check C6 Match each set with the correct name: A. Na 2 CO 3 1) magnesium sulfite MgSO 3 2) magnesium sulfate MgSO 4 3) sodium carbonate B.Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 1) calcium carbonate CaCO 3 2) calcium phosphate Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 3) calcium bicarbonate

25. LecturePLUS Timberlake25 Solution C6 A. Na 2 CO 3 3) sodium carbonate MgSO 3 1) magnesium sulfite MgSO 4 2) magnesium sulfate B.Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 3) calcium bicarbonate CaCO 3 1) calcium carbonate Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 2) calcium phosphate

26. LecturePLUS Timberlake26 Learning Check C7 A. aluminum nitrate 1) AlNO 3 2) Al(NO) 3 3) Al(NO 3 ) 3 B. copper(II) nitrate 1) CuNO 3 2) Cu(NO 3 ) 2 3) Cu 2 (NO 3 ) C. Iron (III) hydroxide 1) FeOH2) Fe 3 OH3) Fe(OH) 3 D. Tin(IV) hydroxide 1) Sn(OH) 4 2) Sn(OH) 2 3) Sn 4 (OH )

27. LecturePLUS Timberlake27 Solution C7 A. aluminum nitrate 3) Al(NO 3 ) 3 B. copper(II) nitrate 2) Cu(NO 3 ) 2 C. Iron (III) hydroxide 3) Fe(OH) 3 D. Tin(IV) hydroxide 1) Sn(OH) 4