Water Management https://store.theartofservice.com/the-water-management-toolkit.html.

Water Management

Infrastructure - Water management infrastructure
Drinking water supply, including the system of pipes, storage reservoirs, pumps, valves, filtration and treatment equipment and meters, including buildings and structures to house the equipment, used for the collection, treatment and distribution of drinking water

Major flood control systems (dikes, levees, major pumping stations and floodgates)

Large-scale snow removal, including fleets of salt spreaders, snow plows, snowblowers, dedicated dump trucks, sidewalk plows, the dispatching and routing systems for these fleets, as well as fixed assets such as snow dumps, snow chutes, snow melters

Coastal management, including structures such as seawalls, breakwaters, groynes, floodgates, as well as the use of soft engineering techniques such as beach nourishment, sand dune stabilization and the protection of mangrove forests and coastal wetlands.

Environmental degradation - Water management
The issue of the depletion of fresh water can be met by increased efforts in water management. While water management systems are often flexible, adaptation to new hydrologic conditions may be very costly. Preventative approaches are necessary to avoid high costs of inefficiency and the need for rehabilitation of water supplies, and innovations to decrease overall demand may be important in planning water sustainability.

Environmental degradation - Water management
Re-examining engineering designs, operations, optimizations, and planning, as well as re-evaluating legal, technical, and economic approaches to manage water resources are very important for the future of water management in response to water degradation

Telemetry - Water management
Telemetry is important in water management, including water quality and stream gauge|stream gauging functions. Major applications include AMR (automatic meter reading), groundwater monitoring, leak detection in distribution pipelines and equipment surveillance. Having data available in almost real time allows quick reactions to events in the field. Telemetry control allows you to intervene with assets such as pumps and allows you to remotely switch pumps on or off depending on the circumstances.

Tar sand - Water management
Between 2 to 4.5 volume units of water are used to produce each volume unit of synthetic crude oil in an ex-situ mining operation. According to Greenpeace, the Canadian oil sands operations use of water, twice the amount of water used by the city of Calgary.

Despite recycling, almost all of it ends up in tailings ponds. , tailing ponds in Canada covered an area of approximately . However, in SAGD operations, 90–95% of the water is recycled and only about 0.2 volume units of water is used per volume unit of bitumen produced.

For the Athabasca oil sand operations water is supplied from the Athabasca River, the ninth longest river in Canada.

The average flow just downstream of Fort McMurray is with its highest daily average measuring .

Oil sands industries water license allocations totals about 1.8% of the Athabasca river flow. Actual use in 2006 was about 0.4%.

In addition, according to the Water Management Framework for the Lower Athabasca River, during periods of low river flow water consumption from the Athabasca River is limited to 1.3% of annual average flow.

In December 2010, the Oil Sands Advisory Panel, commissioned by former environment minister Jim Prentice, found that the system in place for monitoring water quality in the region, including work by the Regional Aquatic Monitoring Program, the Alberta Water Research Institute, the Cumulative Environmental Management Association and others, was piecemeal and should become more comprehensive and coordinated.

A major hindrance to the monitoring of oil sands produced waters has been the lack of identification of individual compounds present

In October 2009, Suncor announced it was seeking government approval for a new process to recover tailings called Tailings Reduction Operations, which accelerates the settling of fine clay, sand, water, and residual bitumen in ponds after oil sands extraction

In January 2013, scientists from Queen's University published a report analyzing lake sediments in the Athabasca region over the past fifty years

The Pembina Institute suggested that the huge investments by many companies in Canadian oil sands leading to increased production results in excess bitumen with no place to store it. It added that by 2022 a month’s output of waste-water could result in a 11-feet deep toxic reservoir the size of New York City’s Central Park [ acres ( ha) (3.399km²)].

Water management 'Water resource management' is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. It is a sub-set of water cycle management. Ideally, water resource management planning has regard to all the competing demands for water and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands. As with other resource management, this is rarely possible in practice.

Water management - Managing water in urban settings
Half of the world’s people now live in towns and cities, a figure expected to reach two-thirds by 2050

Developing world countries tend to have the lowest levels of wastewater treatment

This involves analysing the food production process from growing crops to selling them in markets and eating them, then considering where it might be possible to create a barrier against contamination

Integrated urban water management
One of the early champions of IUWM, SWITCH is a research program funded by the European Union and seeks to shift urban water management away from Ad Hoc solutions to a more integrated approach

Integrated urban water management
IUWM is commonly seen as a strategy for achieving the goals of Water Sensitive Urban Design

Integrated urban water management - Components
Activities under the IUWM include the following:

*Improve water supply and consumption efficiency

*Increase economic efficiency of services to sustain operations and investments for water, wastewater, and stormwater management

*Utilize alternative water sources, including rainwater, and reclaimed and treated water

*Engage communities to reflect their needs and knowledge for water management

*Support capacity development of personnel and institutions that are engaged in IUWM

According to Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), IUWM requires the management of the urban water cycle in coordination with the hydrological water cycle which are significantly altered by urban landscapes and its correlation to increasing demand

Integrated urban water management - Challenges
One of the most significant challenges for IUWM could be securing a consensus on the definition of IUWM and the implementation of stated objectives at operational stages of projects

Integrated urban water management - Approaches
*The Agenda 21 (UN Department for Sustainable Development, 1992) has worked out the Dublin Principles for Integrated water resources management in more detail for urban areas. One of the objectives of Agenda 21 is to develop environmentally sound management of water resources for urban use.

*'The Bellagio Statement' formulated by the Environmental Sanitation Working Group of the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council in 2000 include principals such as: Human dignity, quality of life, environmental security, an open stakeholder process, and many others.

*The 'UNEP 3 Step Strategic Approach' developed in 2005 is based on the application of the Cleaner Production approach that has been successful in the industrial sector. The three steps are: Prevention, Treatment for reuse, and Planned discharge with stimulation of self-purification capacity.

*'UNESCO's Institute for Water Education' seeks to build on the progress made by the Bellagio Statement and UNEP's 3-step approach by developing the SWITCH approach to IUWM. Components include: the addition of a sustainability assessment, new methods of planning urban water systems, and modifications to planning and strategy development.

International Water Management Institute
The 'International Water Management Institute (IWMI)' is a non-profit research organisation with headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka, and offices across Africa and Asia. Research at the Institute focuses on improving how water and land resources are managed, with the aim of underpinning food security and reducing poverty while safeguarding vital environmental processes.

As water becomes scarcer, there is a growing need to find ways to produce sufficient food to feed the world’s expanding population, while using less water, safeguarding fragile environmental services and without having much opportunity to open up new agricultural lands. The Institute undertakes research projects with this aim in mind.

In 2012, IWMI was awarded the prestigious Stockholm Water Prize Laureate by Stockholm International Water Institute for its pioneering research, which has helped to improve agricultural water management, enhance food security, protect environmental health and alleviate poverty in developing countries.[ SL-based IWMI wins world's most prestigious Water Prize], Daily News, 26 March 2012

IWMI is a member of CGIAR, a global research partnership that unites organizations engaged in research for sustainable development, and leads the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems. IWMI is also a partner in the CGIAR Research Programs on: Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS); Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS); Dryland Systems; and Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics.

International Water Management Institute - Early focus on irrigation
The Institute was originally founded under the name 'International Irrigation Management Institute' (IIMI) in 1985 by the Ford Foundation and the Government of Sri Lanka, supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research and the World Bank

International Water Management Institute - Early focus on irrigation
In 1992, the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit gave credence to this approach by recommending that water management be decentralized, with farmers and other stakeholders playing a more important role in managing natural resources.United Nations, 1992

International Water Management Institute - Wider perspective
In 1998, its name changed to the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), reflecting this new wider approach.

Its research culminated in publication of Water for food, Water for life: A comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture

BBC News [ Map details global water stress], Monday 21 August 2006.

International Water Management Institute - Averting a global water crisis
IWMI’s approach towards defining water scarcity provided a new context within which the scientific debate on water availability subsequently became centred. For example, the theme of the UN World Water Day in 2007 was Coping with Water Scarcity;

UN World Water Day, [ Coping with water scarcity.] 22 March 2007.

the USA’s Worldwatch Institute featured a chapter on water management in its assessment State of the World 2008;Bergkamp, G

According to the Institute, the following actions are required: 1) gather high-quality data about water resources; 2) take better care of the environment; 3) reform how water resources are governed; 4) revitalize how water is used for farming; 5) better manage urban and municipal demands for water; and 6) involve marginalized people in water management.Eichenseher, Tasha

In 2011, IWMI celebrated its 25th anniversary by commissioning a series of essays on agricultural and development themes.

International Water Management Institute - Using water management to reduce poverty
IWM's work in Gujarat, India, exemplifies how improving water management can have an influence on peoples' livelihoods

IWMI scientists who studied the problem suggested governments should introduce ‘intelligent rationing’ of farm power supply by separating the power cables carrying electricity to farmers from those supplying other rural users, such as domestic households and industries

Mishra, P. K. [ Alleviating energy poverty through innovation: the case of Jyotigram Yojana (rural lighting scheme) of Gujarat] World Energy Council

Water management hierarchy
'Water Management Hierarchy (WMH)'Manan, Z

Water management hierarchy
The WMH was used as an effective screening tool in cost effective minimum water network methodology to stretch the limits of water savings beyond those achievable using conventional pinch analysis approach.

Environmental impact of the coal industry - Water management
Open-pit mining requires large amounts of water for coal preparation plants and dust suppression

Groundwater supplies may be adversely affected by surface mining. These impacts include drainage of usable water from shallow aquifers; lowering of water levels in adjacent areas and changes in flow direction within aquifers; contamination of usable aquifers below mining operations due to infiltration (percolation) of poor-quality mine water; and increased infiltration of precipitation on spoil piles. Where coal (or carbonaceous shale) is present, increased infiltration may result in:

* Increased runoff of poor-quality water and erosion from spoil piles

* Recharge of poor-quality water to shallow groundwater aquifers

* Poor-quality water flow to nearby streams

This may contaminate both groundwater and nearby streams for long periods

Also waste piles and coal storage piles can yield sediment to streams. Leached water from these piles can be acid and contain toxic trace elements. Surface waters may be rendered unfit for agriculture, human consumption, bathing, or other household uses.

To mitigate these problems, water is monitored at coal mines. The five principal technologies used to control water flow at mine sites are:

*Groundwater pumping systems

Stormwater - Stormwater management
Stormwater management includes both technical and institutional aspects, including:

* control of hazardous materials to prevent release of pollutants into the environment (source control);

* planning and construction of stormwater systems so contaminants are removed before they pollute surface waters or groundwater resources;

* acquisition and protection of natural waterways or rehabilitation;

* building soft structures such as ponds, bioswale|swales or constructed wetland|wetlands or Green Infrastructure solutions to work with existing or hard drainage structures, such as pipes and concrete channels;

* development of funding approaches to stormwater programs potentially including stormwater user fees and the creation of a stormwater utility;

* development of long-term asset management programs to repair and replace aging infrastructure;

* revision of current stormwater regulations to address comprehensive stormwater needs;

* enhancement and enforcement of existing ordinances to make sure property owners consider the effects of stormwater before, during and after development of their land;

* education of a community about how its actions affect water quality, and about what it can do to improve water quality; and

* planning carefully to create solutions before problems become too great.

Stormwater - Integrated water management
Integrated water management (IWM) of stormwater has the potential to address many of the issues affecting the health of waterways and water supply challenges facing the modern urban city.

Also known as Low-impact development (Canada/US)|low impact development (LID)Prince George's County, Maryand

The development of the modern city often results in increased demands for water supply due to population growth, while at the same time altered runoff predicted by climate change has the potential to increase the volume of stormwater that can contribute to drainage and flooding problems

There are many ways of achieving LID

IWM as a movement can be regarded as being in its infancy and brings together elements of drainage science, ecology and a realization that traditional drainage solutions transfer problems further downstream to the detriment of our environment and precious water resources.

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago - Stormwater Management Authority
In 2004, the Illinois General Assembly granted the MWRD stormwater management authority for Cook County, and since that time, the MWRD has been working to address regional flooding issues.MWRD. [ Stormwater Management.] Accessed In October 2013, the MWRD Board of Commissioners

unanimously approved the Cook County Watershed Management Ordinance (WMO). The WMO

provides uniform stormwater management regulations for Cook County in order to prevent future commercial, municipal, and residential development and redevelopment projects from exacerbating

The MWRD hosted four public meetings and a study session in 2013 to offer the public the opportunity to voice their opinion regarding the proposed ordinance. Paved roads, parking

lots, walkways, and buildings make cities livable, but they also reduce the amount of land on which water can be absorbed and can lead to increased flooding without sufficient regulation.

In 2007, the MWRD formed an Advisory Committee composed of representatives from municipalities,

government agencies, and nongovernmental organizations to evaluate and prepare the WMO.

The WMO incorporates comments received during both the 2009 and 2013 public review periods, results

received from an Economic Impact Study, and input from the WMO Advisory Committee. Numerous

changes were made since the original public review period was held in The first public meeting was held on July 24, 2013 in Northlake, and additional meetings were held in August in Chicago Ridge, Mount Prospect, and East Hazel Crest. The WMO can be downloaded at

Water supply in Hong Kong - Total water management
Based on the study the government reaffirmed its approach to water management, but also started new initiatives concerning leakage reduction, water conservation, greywater reuse, rainwater harvesting, as well as pilots for the reuse of reclaimed water and desalination

Keetham Lake - Water Management
The raw water for Keetham Lake is obtained from Agra Canal originating from Okhla barrage on River Yamuna in Delhi. At Delhi Agra road, the Agra Canal water is diverted through Jodhpur branch near Anand Engineering Collage located about 2km from Keetham. The lake water of Keetham is also used as raw water intake for Mathura Refinery Water Treatment Plant located in vicinity of Keetham Lake

Environmental impact of the oil shale industry - Water management
Mining influences the water runoff pattern of the area affected. In some cases it requires the lowering of groundwater levels below the level of the oil shale strata, which may have harmful effects on the surrounding arable land and forest. In Estonia, for each cubic meter of oil shale mined, 25cubic meters of water must be pumped from the mine area.

At the same time, the thermal processing of oil shale needs water for quenching hot products and the control of dust. Water concerns are particularly sensitive issue in arid regions, such as the western part of the United States and Israel's Negev|Negev Desert, where there are plans to expand the oil shale industry.

Depending on technology, above-ground retorting uses between one and five barrels of water per barrel of produced shale oil.

In situ processing, according to one estimate, uses about one-tenth as much water.

Water represents the major vector of transfer of oil shale industry pollutants. One environmental issue is to prevent noxious materials leaching from spent shale into the water supply. The oil shale processing is accompanied by the formation of process waters and waste waters containing phenols, tar and several other products, heavily separable and toxic to the environment.

A 2008 programmatic environmental impact statement issued by the Bureau of Land Management|United States Bureau of Land Management stated that surface mining and retort operations produce of waste water per of processed oil shale.

Knossos - Water management
The palace had at least three separate water-management systems: one for supply, one for drainage of runoff, and one for drainage of waste water.

aqueduct (watercourse)|Aqueducts brought fresh water to Kephala hill from Spring (hydrosphere)|springs at Archanes, about 10km away

Sanitation drainage was through a closed system leading to a sanitary sewer|sewer apart from the hill

As the hill was periodically drenched by torrential rains, a runoff system was a necessity. It began with channels in the flat surfaces, which were zigzag and contained catchment basins to control the water velocity. Probably the upper system was open. Manholes provided access to parts that were covered.

*Runoff system.[ JPEG image]. minoancrete.com, Ian Swindale. Retrieved on Sloped channels lead from a catchment basin.

*Runoff system.[ JPEG image]. Dartmouth.edu. Retrieved on Note the zig-zags and the catchment basin.

Cover crop - Water management
By reducing soil erosion, cover crops often also reduce both the rate and quantity of water that drains off the field, which would normally pose environmental risks to waterways and ecosystems downstream (Dabney et al

Just before cover crops are killed (by such practices including mowing, tilling, discing, rolling, or herbicide application) they contain a large amount of moisture

While cover crops can help to conserve water, in temperate regions (particularly in years with below average precipitation) they can draw down soil water supply in the spring, particularly if climatic growing conditions are good. In these cases, just before crop planting, farmers often face a tradeoff between the benefits of increased cover crop growth and the drawbacks of reduced soil moisture for cash crop production that season.

Dhaka - Water management
Aside from Chittagong, Dhaka has a water-borne sewage system, but this serves only 22% of the population while another 30% are served with septic tanks

82% of the city's water supply is abstracted from groundwater through 577 deep tube wells, while four relatively small surface water treatment plants provide the remaining 18%., p

The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater through the construction of four large water treatment plants until 2020 at a cost of (Saidabad Phase II and III, Padma/Pagla and Khilkhet)

Best management practice for water pollution - Stormwater management BMPs
Stormwater management BMPs are control measures taken to mitigate changes to both quantity and quality of urban runoff caused through changes to land use

Best management practice for water pollution - Stormwater management BMPs
Stormwater BMPs can be classified as structural (i.e., devices installed or constructed on a site) or non-structural (procedures, such as modified landcaping practices)

Formation water - Water management
Historically, produced water was disposed of in large evaporation ponds. However, this has become an increasingly unacceptable disposal method from both environmental and social perspectives. Produced water is considered an industrial waste and coal seam gas (CSG) producers are now required to employ beneficial re-uses for produced water.

The broad management options for re-use are Injection well#Waste disposal|direct injection, environmentally acceptable direct-use of untreated water, or treatment to a government-issued standard before disposal or supply to users

Dissolved gas flotation, Separator_(oil_production)#Separation of Water From Oil|plate coalescers and Separator (oil production)#Density Difference (Gravity Separation)|gravity separators are some of the technologies used in treating wastes from produced water.EPA (1993)

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands)
The 'Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management' (Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat; VW) was a Politics of the Netherlands|Dutch ministry responsible for the Dutch system of water management, Transport in the Netherlands|public and private transport and infrastructure. It is now part of the new Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment (Netherlands)|Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment.

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) - Responsibilities
* Regulation and management of transport of people and goods via roads, trains, boats and airplanes

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) - Responsibilities
* Water management by water supply|water works, such as Dike (construction)|dikes, polders and Channel (geography)|channels

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) - Organisation
The ministry was headed by one minister and one staatssecretaris|state secretary. The ministry's main office was located in the centre of The Hague. The civil service was headed by a secretary general and a deputy secretary general, who headed a system of four directorates general:

* Public Works and Water Management (Rijkswaterstaat)
Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) - Organisation * Public Works and Water Management (Rijkswaterstaat)

There were two autonomous agencies:
Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) - Organisation There were two autonomous agencies:

* Inspectorate for Transport, Public Works and Water Management
Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) - Organisation * Inspectorate for Transport, Public Works and Water Management

* KNMI (institute)|Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute
Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) - Organisation * KNMI (institute)|Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute

An important other institution was involved in water management in the Netherlands are the Water board (The Netherlands)|Water boards, which manage local and regional water works.

*NV Luchtvaartterrein Texel (majority interest)
Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) - Organisation *NV Luchtvaartterrein Texel (majority interest)

*NV Maastricht Aachen Airport|Luchthaven Maastricht (minority interest)

In 1906 Water Management became a separate ministry
Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) - History In 1906 Water Management became a separate ministry

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) - Ministers
Since 1967 the following politicians have been minister of Transport, Public Works and Water Management:

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Primary challenges in urban water management continue to be flood control and stormwater management as Buenos Aires is situated in the low-lying pampas region where heavy rain is expected all year long

In response to water pollution and flooding challenges, the 'Government of Argentina (GoA)' is working with the World Bank to address industrial water pollution by providing technical assistance and mentoring to the 50 worst industrial polluters which represent 95% of the total effluent

Recent history in Buenos Aires urban water management is notable for its move to privatization of the water and sanitation systems

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Economic and social conditions
Argentina enjoyed four years of rapid recovery from the Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002)|economic and social crisis of , which was one of the most severe losses of income and downturns in living standards on record

The period in Argentina between 1990 and 1993 was a time of transition away from social policies, government support devices, and welfare systems to an IMF-backed structural adjustment in economic and market policies

The 'Matanza-Riachuelo river (MR)' basin is home to Argentina’s largest concentrations of urban poor

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Geography and climate
Buenos Aires lies in the Pampa|pampa region of Argentina and is bordered on the eastern and north-east sides by the Río de la Plata, on the south and southeast side by the Matanza River|Riachuelo and to the northwest, west and Southwest by the Avenida General Paz, which is a long highway that separates the Buenos Aires Province from the city.

The region was formerly transected by small tributaries and some lagoons, some of which were refilled and others piped. Among the most important small tributary basins are the 'Maldonado, Vega, Medrano, Cildañez and White'. In 1908 many of these tributaries were channelized as floods damaged the city's infrastructure. Beginning in 1919, most creeks were enclosed. Notably, the Maldonado was re-engineered in 1954 to flow underground in tubes and currently runs underneath Juan B. Justo Avenue.

The city has a humid subtropical climate and the average annual temperature is . The city gets of rainfall per year. Rain can be expected at any time of year with March being the wettest month (5.3inches) and June the driest month (2.5inches).

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - The Buenos Aires water concession of 1992 The signing of the 'Buenos Aires water and sanitation concession in 1992' attracted world wide attention and was the source of considerable controversy for its scale of private participation in the Argentine water and sanitation sector

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Water supply
Over most of its history, Buenos Aires has remained a city with a quality water supply delivered by the immense Río de la Plata and surrounding high plains that have abundant high quality groundwater below them. In the outskirts of the city, the inhabitants have good access to wells and piped water.

The La Plata sub-basin's catchment area is 130,200km2 and constitutes (4.2%) of the world’s fifth largest river basin – the La Plata, extending over 3.1 million km2, five countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay), almost 50 major cities, and supporting over 100 million inhabitants

Over many decades a significant proportion of the water-supply of the 'Buenos Aires Metro Area (BAMA)' was obtained from three major groundwater reservoirs found at different depths, quantities and qualities

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Drinking water
'Aguas y Saneamientos Argentinos (AySA)' is the primary water service provider in the metropolitan area serving the city of Buenos Aires and 17 municipalities, while 'Aguas Bonaerenses' serves the remaining municipalities

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Stormwater and drainage
Due to rapid urbanization, topographic elements, and the occurrence of severe storm events in Buenos Aires, flooding has become one of the most serious problems affecting the normal life of Buenos Aires citizens

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Stormwater and drainage
Each of the three most important catchments ('Maldonado, Medrano and Vega') are drained by a large drainage pipe that follows in the direction of the former watercourses

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Wastewater treatment
AySA has four wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) that currently treat only 5.3% of wastewater before discharging it into the La Plata River. To improve this situation, AySA is in the midst of constructing another wastewater treatment plant 'Del Bicentenario', which will increase the City’s treatment capacity by 120,000 m3 per hour (current output is 2,249,494 m3/day).

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Pollution
The 'Matanza-Riachuelo river (MR)', a tributary of the Río de la Plata (La Plata River), is the most contaminated river basin in Argentina and considered one of the most polluted water bodies in the world

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Flooding and drainage
The 'Urban Flood Prevention and Drainage Program (APL)' is the result of a government commitment to flood prevention and risk management

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Institutional weakness
The 1992 'Buenos Aires water concession' was meant to attract private companies who could bring the needed infrastructure and service upgrades,however, growth of service networks has been lower than planned, particularly in low-income sectors of metropolitan Buenos Aires. Governance issues, institutional weaknesses and lack of control mechanisms are responsible for the failure of the Buenos Aires water concession.

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Legal initiatives
'Law 26128' was approved in 2006 by the National Congress of Argentina and created 'MR River Basin Authority (ACUMAR)'. Law also designated the 'Secretary of Environment' to be the acting authority. Law was a result of the GoA giving a high priority to the environmental and social recovery of the MR basin. Additionally, this recently passed legislation is a response to the lack of a strong institutional framework.

In 2004, a group of residents living in the CMR area filed a claim against the national government, the Province of Buenos Aires, the government of Buenos Aires, and 44 businesses for damages suffered as a result of pollution from the Matanza-Riachuelo River. The lawsuit resulted in a landmark decision from the Supreme Court in 2008, which ruled on the side of the residents and determined that the defendants were liable for restoration

and future prevention of environmental damage in the river basin. 'The Environment and Natural Resources Foundation (FARN)' participated in the case as a third party, along with various other civil society organizations. Throughout the entire process, FARN played a vital role in analyzing the defendants’ submissions,

submitting briefs and amparos (claims of constitutional violations), and coordinated the efforts of the different organizations. Since the ruling, in which the Supreme Court named FARN as a permanent independent monitoring body for Riachuelo cleanup, the organization has maintained its leadership role.

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Institutional framework
[ 'AGBA'] (Aguas del Gran Buenos Aires) is the conglomerate of water and sewer companies that provide service to 1.65 million inhabitants in the Buenos Aires Metro Area or BAMA. AGBA is made of the following subsidiary companies: Impregilo (43%), Dragados (27%), Aguas de Bilbao Bizkaia (20%) and the remaining 10% is owned by the employees who are organized under the name Programa de Participación Accionaria del Personal (PPAP).

[ 'ACUMAR'] is the 'Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin Authority' and includes 17 different governments offices such as the Secretary of Environment of the Federal Government, multiple provinces of Buenos Aires, the city of Buenos Aires, and the 14 municipalities involved in the basin and the civil society. ACUMAR has been legally provided with sufficient management and enforcement power in addressing the coordination issues of the MR river basin.

'[ SAyDS]' (Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable) is the Secretariat of the Environment and Sustainable Development.

'[ AySA]' (Agua y Saneamiento Argentinos S.A.) is the National Water and Sanitation utility of Argentina and works with ACUMAR on implementation of water projects within their concessions of Buenos Aires.

[ ' ETOSS'] (Ente Tripartito de Obras y Servicios Sanitarios) is a regulatory body whose principal mission is that of the regulation and control of the utility contract and the overseeing of the interaction between the various actors involved in the utility contract. ETOSS consists of representatives from the national government, the province of Buenos Aires, and the city of Buenos Aires.

The 'United Coordinator for the Technical Management and International Finance' handles (Unidade Coordinación para la Gestión Técnica y Financiera Internacional-UCOFI) financial management and procurement responsibilities for the entire Matanza-Riachuelo World Bank project in Buenoa Aires and has experience and knowledge of managing projects financed by international financial institutions.

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Tariffs and reinvestment
AySA’s tariff system is based on a fixed rate plus metered consumption system. The rate structure classifies users according to category (residential or nonresidential), the zone where the building is located, and the services provided; sewer services cost twice the amount of the fixed fee for drinking water service; finally, low-income costumers are eligible for a subsidy. As of 2007, only 12.8% of the connections were

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Tariffs and reinvestment
billed under a metering system, thereby encouraging relatively high consumption. In 2010, AySA collected US$103,478,000 from users and re-invested US$195,144,000. AySA’s users are 88% residential (the majority of which are concentrated in the lowest socio-economic strata), 10.8% nonresidential, and 1.2%

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Multi-lateral assistance
In the mid-1990s, the government completed a comprehensive MR 'Environmental Management Plan (EMP)' and received a US$250 million Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) loan to help finance implementation of the EMP objectives

Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Multi-lateral assistance
The World Bank is engaged with the GoA in a multi-phase US$ 840 million project with the following objectives (i) improve sewerage services in the MR River Basin and other parts of the Province and City of Buenos Aires by expanding transport and treatment capacity; (ii) support a reduction of industrial discharges to the MR River, through the provision of industrial conversion grants to small and medium enterprises; (iii) promote improved decision-making for environmentally sustainable land use and drainage planning, and to pilot urban drainage and land use investments, in the M-R River Basin; and (iv) strengthen ACUMAR’s institutional framework for ongoing and sustainable clean-up of the MR River Basin.

Irrigation in Mexico - On-farm water management
Agricultural producers who are interested in organizing a common irrigation systems form Water User Associations (WUA)

WUA consist of water users and its functions are the delivery of irrigation water and operation and maintenance of canals and dispute settlement. WUAs can also construct their own infrastructure or participate in government-financed construction projects.

WUAs shall keep and update a register of members and their respective water rights.

WUAs can be granted water rights. In order to be granted water rights, WUAs must adopt an internal statute that indicates, among others: conditions for water distribution and management, internal organization of the WUA, rights and duties of members, provisions on financial management (income and expenditures), provisions for the transfer of water rights among members and provisions on dissolution of the WUA.

WUAs sources of income are revenues from the collection of service charges and membership dues.

Alewife Brook Reservation - Storm water management wetland
Started in 2011, the City of Cambridge is constructing a 3.4-acre storm water management wetland in the reservation, just west of Alewife Station

Albany, Georgia - Water Management Infrastructure
The Albany Water, Gas Light Commission (WGL) is a municipally-owned and operated utility system furnishing water, gas, and electricity to its broad–based customers. Albany WGL, was founded in 1892 as the Albany Water Works, as the largest municipal user in Georgia.[ accessed January 30, 2012]

The public water supply source for Albany-Dougherty County is groundwater obtained from four aquifers:

* Upper Floridan (locally called the Ocala) Aquifer

* Claiborne (formerly Tallahatta) Aquifer

* Providence Aquifer

The water quality is considered to be excellent, needing only chlorination and fluoridation treatment.

Anuradhapura Kingdom - Irrigation and water management
Rainfall in the dry zone of Sri Lanka is limited to 50-75inches

Construction of large scale reservoirs began in the 1st century AD under the direction of Vasabha

The water resources of the dry zone were further exploited during the times of Upatissa I and Dhatusena

South Florida Water Management District
It is the largest water management district in the state, managing water needs for 7.7 million residents

The Governing Board consists of Daniel O’Keefe, Chair; Kevin Powers, Vice Chair; Rick Barber, Sandy Batchelor, Mitch Hutchcraft, James Moran, Juan Portuondo, Timothy Sargent and Glenn Waldman.

The Executive Director of the agency is Blake C. Guillory.

South Florida Water Management District - History
In 1947, after years of drought, the state was deluged by rainfall averaging 100 inches along the lower east coast, almost twice the norm

Today, the South Florida Water Management District is the oldest and largest of the state’s five water management districts.

A book detailing the first forty years of the South Florida Water Management District titled Into the Fifth Decade was written by Thomas E. Huser.

In the year 2000, the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan began to undo some ecosystem damage caused by the CSF Project.

South Florida Water Management District - Operations
The regional water management system – with nearly 2,000 miles of canals and more than 2,800 miles of levees/berms, 69 pump stations, 645 water control structures and more than 700 culverts – helps to protect regional water supplies and provide flood control.

South Florida Water Management District - Operations
Weather extremes dramatically affect South Florida's water supply and flood protection actions. In response, the District actively operates and maintains the water management system, promotes water conservation and works with communities to develop alternative water supplies.

South Florida Water Management District - Public areas
Many of the lands protected by the District are open to the public for recreational use.

* Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge

* Atlantic Ridge Preserve State Park in Martin County

* Catfish Creek (Florida) in Polk County

* Chandler Slough in Okeechobee County

* Halpatiokee Regional Park in Martin County

* Harold A. Campbell Public Use Area

* Hungryland Wildlife and Environmental Area

* Lake Kissimmee - Bird Island, Drasdo, Gardner-Cobb Marsh, Lightsey, Strum Island

* Lake Russell (Florida) in Osceola County

* Okaloacoochee Slough Wildlife Management Area

* Queen's Island (Florida) in St. Lucie County

* Southern Glades Wildlife and Environmental Area

Storm Water Management Model
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH (June 2007)Rossman, Lewis A., Storm Water Management Model Quality Assurance Report, Dynamic Wave Flow Routing, EPA/600/R-06/097, September 2006 is a dynamic rainfall-surface runoff|runoff-groundwater|subsurface runoff Scientific modelling|simulation model used for single-event to long-term (continuous) simulation of the surface/subsurface hydrology quantity and water quality|quality from primarily urban/suburban areas

Storm Water Management Model - Program Description
The EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is a dynamic rainfall-runoff-routing simulation model used for single event or long-term (continuous) simulation of runoff quantity and quality from primarily urban areas

Storm Water Management Model - Program Description
EPA SWMM is public domain software that may be freely copied and distributed.

Storm Water Management Model - History
SWMM was first developed between 1969–1971 and has undergone several major upgrades since those years

EPA SWMM 5 provides an integrated graphical environment for editing watershed input data, running hydrologic, hydraulic, real time control and water quality simulations, and viewing the results in a variety of graphical formats. These include color-coded thematic drainage area maps, time series graphs and tables, profile plots, scatter plots and statistical frequency analyses.

This latest re-write of EPA SWMM was produced by the Water Supply and Water Resources Division of the U.S

Storm Water Management Model - Model parameters
The simulated model parameters for subcatchments are surface roughness, depression storage, slope, flow path length; for Infiltration: Horton: max/min rates and decay constant; Green-Ampt: hydraulic conductivity, initial moisture deficit and suction head; Curve Number: NRCS (SCS) Curve number; All: time for saturated soil to fully drain; for Conduits: Manning’s roughness; for Water Quality: buildup/washoff function coefficients, first order decay coefficients, removal equations

Storm Water Management Model - Hydrology and Hydraulics Capabilities
SWMM 5 accounts for various hydrologic processes that produce surface and subsurface runoff from urban areas. These include:

Time-varying rainfall for an unlimited number of raingages for both design and continuous hyetographs

evaporation of standing surface water on watersheds and surface ponds

snowfall accumulation, plowing and melting

rainfall interception from depression storage in both impervious and pervious areas

infiltration of rainfall into unsaturated soil layers

percolation of infiltrated water into groundwater layers

interflow between groundwater and pipes and ditches

nonlinear reservoir routing of watershed overland flow.

Spatial variability in all of these processes is achieved by dividing a study area into a collection of smaller, homogeneous watershed or subcatchment areas, each containing its own fraction of pervious and impervious sub-areas. Overland flow can be routed between sub-areas, between subcatchments, or between entry points of a drainage system.

SWMM also contains a flexible set of hydraulic modeling capabilities used to route runoff and external inflows through the drainage system network of pipes, channels, storage/treatment units and diversion structures. These include the ability to:

handle drainage networks of unlimited size

use a wide variety of standard closed and open conduit shapes as well as natural or irregular channels

model special elements such as storage/treatment units, outlets, flow dividers, pumps, weirs, and orifices

apply external flows and water quality inputs from surface runoff, groundwater interflow, rainfall-dependent infiltration/inflow, dry weather sanitary flow, and user-defined inflows

utilize either steady, kinematic wave or full dynamic wave flow routing methods

model various flow regimes, such as backwater, surcharging, pressure, reverse flow, and surface ponding

apply user-defined dynamic control rules to simulate the operation of pumps, orifice openings, and weir crest levels

In addition to modeling the generation and transport of runoff flows, SWMM can also estimate the production of pollutant loads associated with this runoff. The following processes can be modeled for any number of user-defined water quality constituents:

Dry-weather pollutant buildup over different land uses

pollutant washoff from specific land uses during storm events

direct contribution of wet and dry rainfall deposition

reduction in dry-weather buildup due to street cleaning

reduction in washoff load due to BMP's and LID's

entry of dry weather sanitary flows and user-specified external inflows at any point in the drainage system

routing of water quality constituents through the drainage system

reduction in constituent concentration through treatment in storage units or by natural processes in pipes and channels.

Storm Water Management Model - Low Impact Development (LID) Components
The Low Impact Development (LID) function is new to SWMM /20/21/22 and we have run many configurations and found no problem for the hydrology and hydraulics. It is integrated within the subcatchment and allows further refinement of the overflows, infiltration flow and evaporation in Rain Barrels, Vegetative Swales, Porous Pavement, Bio Retention Cell and Infiltration Trench.

You can define a variety of sub processes in each LID such as: Surface, Pavement, Soil, Storage, and Drain.

Each type of LID has limitations on the type of sub process allowed by SWMM 5

New as of July 2013, the EPA's [ National Stormwater Calculator] is a Windows desktop application that estimates the annual amount of rainwater and frequency of runoff from a specific site anywhere in the United States

Storm Water Management Model - Integrated Hydrology/Hydraulics
One of the great advances in SWMM 5 was the integration of Urban/Suburban Subsurface Hydrology with the Hydraulic computations of the drainage network

Storm Water Management Model - Integrated Hydrology/Hydraulics
An example of this integration was the collection of the disparate SWMM 4 link types in the Runoff, Transport and Extran Blocks to one unified group of closed conduit and open channel link types in SWMM 5 and a collection of Node types.

Storm Water Management Model - SWMM5 Components
The SWMM to main components are: rain gages, watersheds, lid/bmp, nodes, links, pollutants, landuses, time patterns, curves, time series, controls, transects, aquifers, unit hydrographs, snowmelt and shapes

Storm Water Management Model - SWMM5 Components
The major overall components are called in the SWMM 5 input file and C code of the simulation engine: gage, subcatch, node, link, pollut, landuse, timepattern, curve, tseries, control, transect, aquifer, unithyd, snowmelt, shape and lid

Storm Water Management Model - SWMM 3,4 to 5 converter
The SWMM 3 and SWMM 4 converter can convert up to two files from the earlier SWMM 3 and 4 versions at one time to SWMM 5

Storm Water Management Model - SWMM Platforms
There are a number of software packages that utilize the SWMM platform. These include:

*[ XPSWMM]

*[ Autodesk Storm and Sanitary Analysis]

Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture
London: Earthscan, and Colombo: International Water Management Institute was published in 2007 by International Water Management Institute and Earthscan in an attempt to answer the question: how can water in agriculture be developed and managed to help end poverty and hunger, ensure environmentally sustainable practices, and find the right balance between food and environmental security?

Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture - History
Compiled after consultation with more than 700 individuals, numerous organisations and networks, it was the first critical evaluation of:

* water management challenges facing communities today

* successful methods of managing water in farming around the world.

The assessment confirmed that agriculture consumes more water resources than any other sector.[ Map details global water stress], BBC, 21 August 2006 A key finding was that a third of the world's population live in water-scarce areas

Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture - Trends affecting demands for water
The report's authors forecast that the need for water would double within 50 years, due to global population rise, more people choosing to eat a diet of meat and vegetables rather than primarily consuming cereals, and climate change.[ Need for Water Could Double in 50 Years, U.N

Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture - How feeding the future world will be possible The conclusion made by the report's authors was that only by changing the way we use water within agriculture would we be able to meet the acute water, environment and poverty challenges facing us over the next 50 years

Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture - How feeding the future world will be possible Upgrading these rainfed lands through better water management held the greatest potential to increase productivity and decrease poverty.[ Water Management: Urgent Need For More Food With Less Water], Science Daily, March 27, 2007

Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture - Shaping future water policy
* Change the way we think about water and agriculture. Rain should be viewed as the ultimate source of water to be managed, and agriculture as part of an agro-ecosystem that provides food but also delivers other environmental services, such as maintaining soil fertility.

* Fight poverty by improving access to agricultural water and its use. This would be achieved by promoting livelihood gains by smallholder farmers, for example by securing water access through rights and developing multiple-use water supply systems.

* Manage agriculture to enhance ecosystem services. This would involve using good agricultural practices to enhance other ecosystem services.

* Increase the productivity of water. The outcome would be higher yields and value from smaller volumes of water, thus reducing demand and environmental impacts.

* Upgrade rainfed agriculture by improving soil moisture and using supplemental irrigation. This holds the greatest potential for lifting people out of poverty and increasing water productivity, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

* Adapt yesterday's irrigation for tomorrow's needs. Modernisation would require a mix of technological and management upgrades.

* Reform the reform process, targeting state institutions. Water managements investments should embrace irrigated and rainfed agriculture, plus fisheries and livestock practices.

* Deal with trade-offs and make difficult choices. Informed multi-stakeholder negotiations would be essential.

Environment of Afghanistan - Water management
The primary threat to Afghanistan's water supply is the Drought in Afghanistan|droughts, which created food shortages for millions in the recent past.

The resulting agricultural crises between 1995 to 2001 have driven major migrations from rural to urban areas.

In response to drought, deep wells for irrigation have been drilled which decreased the under ground water level, further draining groundwater resources, which rely on rain for replenishment.

By 2003, about 99% of the Sistan wetlands were dry, another result of continued drought and lack of water management.

The wetlands, an important habitat for breeding and migrant waterfowl including the dalmatian pelican and the marbled teal, have provided water for agricultural irrigation for at least 5,000 years. They are fed by the Helmand River, which ran at 98% below average in drought years As in other areas of the country, the loss of natural vegetation resulted in soil erosion; here, sandstorms submerged as many as 100 villages by 2003.

Some of the major reservoir|water reservoirs and dams include the following:

Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania - Water management and sanitation
See Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania for more information on Tanzanian water management practices and sanitation.

Marina Bay, Singapore - Water management
In 2004, the Public Utilities Board publicly announced plans to construct a new downtown reservoir by damming the Marina Channel

Natural Resources Conservation Service - NRCS National Ag Water Management Team
(AGWAM) Serves 10 states in the Midwest United States in helping to reduce Nitrate levels in soil due to runoff from fertilized farmland

Natural Resources Conservation Service - Water management
Irrigation water management is the most efficient way to use and recycle water resources for land owners and farmers

Kobar - Waste water Management
* The absence of a public sewage network means that in Kobar residents are forced to use unhygienic cesspits for the disposal of waste water, and/or discharge waste water in the streets.

This is particularly common in winter, as citizens cannot afford the high cost of sewage tankers during this period. These methods facilitate environmental damage, health problems, and the spread of epidemics and diseases in the village. This waste water also contaminates the groundwater and water collected in household cisterns (rainwater harvesting cisterns) because

most cesspits are built without lining, allowing waste water to enter into the ground and avoiding the need to use sewage tankers. The untreated waste water collected from cesspits by sewage tankers is disposed of in open areas without concern for the damage it causes to the environment and to residents' health.

Cormery - Drinking Water Management
The town of Cormery is part of the :fr:SIPTEC (Syndicat Intercommunal de Truyes-Esvres-Cormery)|SIPTEC (Syndicat Intercommunal de Truyes-Esvres-Cormery).

Suisun Marsh - Water management
The wetland managers for both the private hunting clubs and the state's public land take water from major and minor sloughs throughout the marsh. Montezuma Slough, one of the largest, is open at both ends, and its flood tide current is longer and stronger than its ebb tide current, causing a net west-to-east flow which draws higher saline water eastward from Grizzly Bay.

The flood tide pushing through the slough takes half an hour longer to traverse the marsh than does the matching flood tide following the more direct route in the main Suisin Bay channel.[ Tide Location Selection for California] Thus, high tide at the east end of the slough arrives out of phase with high tide in the main channel, and rather than being pushed back, as it would be in the main channel or in a dead-end slough, the slough water keeps flowing eastward, drawing more saline water with it.

To meet the salinity requirements stipulated by the California Water Resources Control Board to support beneficial uses in Decision-1485, the California State Water Project and the federal Central Valley Project built the Montezuma Slough Salinity Control Gates

Because the Salinity Control Gates are more effective than anticipated other proposed salinity control measures were abandoned. The gates operate as needed from October through May.p. 44

Low-impact development (Canada/US) - Alternative to conventional stormwater management practices
A concept that began in Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's County, Maryland in 1990, LID began as an alternative to traditional stormwater Best management practice for water pollution|best management practices (BMPs) installed at construction projects.PGDER (1997)

The LID design approach has received support from the U.S
Low-impact development (Canada/US) - Alternative to conventional stormwater management practices The LID design approach has received support from the U.S

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