1. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus New Ideas in Science Faces of History: Marie Curie Medical Breakthroughs New Ideas in Social Sciences Quick Facts: New Ideas, Advancements, and Developments in the SciencesQuick Facts: New Ideas, Advancements, and Developments in the Sciences Scientific and Medical Achievements

2. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age Reading Focus What were some of the new ideas in the sciences? What medical breakthroughs affected the quality of life? What new ideas developed within the social sciences? Main Idea Advances in science, medicine, and the social sciences led to new theories about the natural world and human mind, an improved quality of life, and longer life spans. Scientific and Medical Achievements

3. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age New Ideas in Science Charles Darwin studied variations in plants, animals in 1800s Published theories in On the Origin of Species Developed concept of natural selection –Creatures well adapted to environment have better chance of surviving, producing offspring –Offspring will inherit features that help them survive

4. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age New Ideas in Science Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Over time the species will evolve to improve survival chances Controversial theory –Indicated humans were descended from other animals –Many opposed Darwin because theory differed from Biblical story of creation

5. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age Advances in Chemistry and Physics, early 1800s Scientists believed atoms made up chemical elements Also thought all elements made of same kinds of atoms Periodic Table Dimitri Mendeleyev, 1871 Arranged known chemical elements into Periodic Table Revealed previously unknown patterns Modern Atomic Theory John Dalton, 1803 Atoms of different elements are themselves of difference size and mass More Elements Discovered Marie and Pierre Curie, 1898 Discovered polonium, radium Concluded certain elements release energy when break down, called radioactivity New Ideas in Science

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7. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age New Ideas in Science Others developed theories based on Curies’ work Ernest Rutherford, 1911 In center of atom lay a core called a nucleus –Nucleus made up of positively charged particles, protons –Disproved long-held belief that atom was solid piece of matter

8. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age Small amount of mass can be converted into huge amount of energy Space is curved, must include time in study of space Overturned Sir Isaac Newton’s and others’ theories of how universe worked E = mc 2 Albert Einstein revolutionized physics Used math to show light can act like particles of energy Developed special theory of relativity No particle of matter can move faster than speed of light Motion can be measured only from viewpoint of observer Einstein’s Genius New Ideas in Science

9. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age Summarize What new theories revolutionized science? Answer(s): evolution, radioactivity, relativity

10. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age Preventing Disease Breakthroughs in late 1800s as result of scientific advances earlier in century Fundamental concepts of disease, medical care, sanitation revealed Mysteries of what caused diseases began to be solved Fermentation Bacteria in the air causes grape juice to turn to wine, milk to sour Heating liquids, foods can kill bacteria, prevent fermentation Process became known as pasteurization, makes foods germ-free Microbes and Disease Louis Pasteur showed link between the two, 1870 Disproved spontaneous generation concept of bacteria from nonliving matter Showed bacteria always present though unseen, can reproduce Medical Breakthroughs

11. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age Anthrax Deadly disease a constant threat to people, livestock Pasteur sought to prevent anthrax Injected animals with vaccine containing weakened anthrax germs Rabies Pasteur’s next goal Developed vaccine, 1885 Saved life of young boy bitten by rabid dog Antibodies Vaccine worked because body builds antibodies Antibodies fight weakened germs when they enter body Medical Breakthroughs

12. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age Medical Breakthroughs Improving Medical Care Treatment of pain American surgeon Crawford W. Long –Discovered solution to pain suffered by surgery patients –Patients breathed in ether, anesthetic to reduce pain and render patient unconscious –Performed first painless operation, 1842

13. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age Medical Breakthroughs Treatment of Infections Many surgical patients died from infections English surgeon Joseph Lister, 1860s –Began cleaning wounds and equipment with antiseptic containing carbolic acid –Reduced post-surgery deaths in one hospital ward from 45 to 15 percent

14. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age Caused dramatic decline in infant mortality Statistics from Sweden provide example 1800, 240 infant deaths in first year per 1,000 live births Nearly 100 years later, only 91 infant deaths in first year per 1,000 live births Improved Care Public health improved with building of more modern hospitals More medical professionals trained Nursing schools trained large numbers of women, some trained as doctors By 1900, 5 percent of American doctors were women Hospitals Medical Breakthroughs

15. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age Identify Cause and Effect What medical advances allowed people to live longer? Answer(s): pasteurization, antiseptics, and anesthetics

16. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age By studying dogs’ behavior, Pavlov concluded that human behaviors are also a series of connected conditioned reflexes. In the late 1800s scientists expanded their focus to include the study of the mind and human societies. These new fields became known as the social sciences and include psychology, archaeology, anthropology, and sociology. Study of mind, human behavior became separate field in 1890s Observation, experiments helped psychologists explore subject Ivan Pavlov studied dogs to show animals could be taught certain reflex actions Psychology New Ideas in Social Sciences Pavlov rang bell each time he fed dogs Discovered that dogs not only salivated at sight, smell of food, but also when they heard bell Called this conditioned reflex Pavlov’s Dogs

17. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age New Ideas in Social Sciences Studies of human behavior Austrian-Jewish physician Sigmund Freud –Said that unconscious part of mind contains thoughts of which one is unaware –Used hypnotism to explore patient’s unconscious mind –Felt that repressed thoughts revealed in dreams could cause mental illness –Developed psychoanalysis as therapy

18. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age Just as Freud studied individuals, other scientists studied people as members of groups, communities of people with a common culture. Study of the past based on artifacts Not new field of study –Early expeditions little more than treasure hunts –Began more scientific approach, mid-1800s Carefully recorded all stages of work and preserved finds for education Archeology Study of humanity and human ancestors Physical anthropologists interested in how Homo sapiens developed Cultural anthropology deals with structures of societies, became separate field 1920s Cultural anthropologists study cultures other than their own Anthropology New Ideas in Social Sciences

19. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age New Ideas in Social Sciences Sociology Closely related to anthropology Emerged as social science late 1800s Sociologists study people in groups –Usually groups are in own societies –Examine societies’ institutions and sub-groups –Sub-groups organized around racial or ethnic identity, gender, or age

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21. Section 2 Life in the Industrial Age Draw Conclusions How did new ideas contribute to the social sciences? Answer(s): Ideas of human behavior and societies led to new fields of study, including psychology, archaeology, anthropology, and sociology.