1. 1 Dale E. Klein, Ph.D., P.E. Assoc. Vice Chancellor for Research – The University of Texas System Associate Director – Energy Institute, The University of Texas at Austin

2. Outline World Nuclear Energy 2 U.S. Nuclear Energy Fukushima Questions

3. China alone is building 21 new plants. Construction at Qinshan, China Around the world, 61 new plants are scheduled to open by 2015 3

4. Reactors by Plant Design 4 ESBWR DTE US ABWR South Texas Project AP1000 Duke TVA Progress South Carolina E&G Southern Co. Florida Power & LIght EPR Ameren UE UniStar PPL Generation US APWR Luminant Dominion Early Site Permit EXELON 4

5. What is different today? 1. Improved licensing process 2. Brownfield sites South Texas Nuclear Power Plant 5

6. Fukushima 6

7. Event Initiation The Fukushima nuclear facilities were damaged in a magnitude 9.0 earthquake on March 11 (Japan time), centered offshore of the Sendai region, which contains the capital Tokyo. –Plant designed for magnitude 8.2 earthquake. An 9.0 magnitude quake is 8 times greater in magnitude. Serious secondary effects followed including a significant tsunami, significant aftershocks and a major fire at a fossil fuel installation. The Fukushima nuclear facilities were damaged in a magnitude 9.0 earthquake on March 11 (Japan time), centered offshore of the Sendai region, which contains the capital Tokyo. –Plant designed for magnitude 8.2 earthquake. An 9.0 magnitude quake is 8 times greater in magnitude. Serious secondary effects followed including a significant tsunami, significant aftershocks and a major fire at a fossil fuel installation. 7

8. Serious Secondary Effects 8

9. 9

10. Fuel Assembly 10 Fuel Rod – metal pipe contains 350 pellets and is plugged on each end. Pellet – Uranium powder is baked into pellet form. About 8 grams of these pellet can produce electricity for a normal household for approximately 8 months. 72 Fuel Rods are bundled.

11. Plant Design Containment Building Structure 11

12. 12 Service Floor 12

13. Accident Progression 13 Measured, and here referenced liquid level is the collapsed level. The torus level is higher due to the steam bubbles in the liquid. ~50% of the core exposed Cladding temperatures rise, but still no significant core damag e ~2/3 of the core exposed Cladding temperature exceeds ~900 o C Ballooning / Breaking of the cladding Release of fission products from the fuel rod gaps

14. 14 Accident Progression

15. Explosion 15

16. Fukushima 16

17. Units 1-4 1 3 2 4 17

18. Likely Outcomes Station Blackout Spent Fuel Storage Multiple Units, not just a single unit New Plants United States Germany/Italy China India United Arab Emirates 18

19. Questions? 19