1. Chapter 6 Advanced Functions Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.

2. 2/22 Contents Chapter 6 Advanced Functions 6.1 Advanced Statistical Functions 6.2 Logical Functions 6.3 Lookup and Reference Functions

3. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.3/22 Chapter 6 Advanced Functions In this chapter, you will learn some more powerful functions, including advanced statistical functions, logical functions, and lookup and reference functions. These functions involve comparing values and give a result based on a certain criteria.

4. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.4/22 6.1 Advanced Statistical Functions (1/4) The advanced statistical functions that you have learnt are: 1.COUNTIF(range, criteria) counts the number of cells that meet the given criteria. The criteria in SUMIF and COUNTIF is expressed as a string that starts with a relational operator, such as =, <>, >, = or <=. Wildcards can be used in a criteria involving text: (?) represents any character at the specified position; (*) represents any combination of characters.

5. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.5/22 6.1 Advanced Statistical Functions (2/4) Table 6.1 Examples of criteria COUNTIF()

6. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.6/22 6.1 Advanced Statistical Functions (3/4) 2.SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range]) adds the cells that meet the given criteria. For SUMIF() with 2 arguments, values that meet the given criteria will be summed. For SUMIF() with 3 arguments, the first range of cells are used to determine the criteria, the second range are cells which will be added. SUMIF() can only handle simple condition. For complicated conditions, you should use IF() function.

7. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.7/22 6.1 Advanced Statistical Functions (4/4) 3.FREQUENCY(data, group) calculates how often numbers occur within a set of data, and then returns a vertical array of counts. As FREQUENCY() returns multiple values, it is an array formula. You need to press CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER instead of ENTER to complete the entry. For FREQUENCY(), the result represents the frequency of data which are less than or equal to the group value.

8. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.8/22 6.2 Logical Functions (1/3) The logical functions that you have learnt are: 1.IF(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false) returns the value in the 2nd argument if the logical test is evaluated to be TRUE. Otherwise, the value in the 3rd argument would be returned. When a condition has multiple alternatives, nested-if will be used. For example, in grade conversion: =IF(C3<30,"E",IF(C3<50,"D",IF(C3<70,"C",IF(C3<90,"B","A"))))

9. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.9/22 6.2 Logical Functions (2/3) 2.AND(logical1,logical2,...) returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE; returns FALSE if one or more argument is FALSE. 3.OR(logical1,logical2,...) returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE; returns FALSE if all arguments are FALSE. 4. NOT(logical) reverses the value of its argument.

10. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.10/22 6.2 Logical Functions (3/3) NOT(A1>A2) is the same as A1 <= A2 NOT(AND(A1=A2, B1=B2)) is the same as OR(A1<>A2, B1<>B2) NOT(OR(A1=A2, B1=B2)) is the same as AND(A1<>A2, B1<>B2)

11. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.11/22 6.3 Lookup and Reference Functions (1/12) The lookup and reference functions that you have learnt are: 1.VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table, column_num, type) searches for a value in the first column of a table and returns a value in the same row from another column in the table. If the 4th argument – “type” is FALSE (or 0), the lookup will carry out exact match. In range lookup, values in the first column of the table (2nd argument) must be sorted in ascending order.

12. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.12/22 6.3 Lookup and Reference Functions (2/12)

13. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.13/22 6.3 Lookup and Reference Functions (3/12) Fig.6.15 Examples of VLOOKUP() using exact match (type = 0)

14. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.14/22 6.3 Lookup and Reference Functions (4/12) 2.HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table, row_num, type) searches for a value in the top row of a table and returns a value in the same column from another row in the table. “type” is zero for exact match. If the 4th argument – “type” is FALSE (or 0), the lookup will carry out exact match. In range lookup, values in the first column of the table (2nd argument) must be sorted in ascending order.

15. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.15/22 6.3 Lookup and Reference Functions (5/12)

16. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.16/22 6.3 Lookup and Reference Functions (6/12) Fig.6.26 Example of HLOOKUP() with approximate match

17. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.17/22 6.3 Lookup and Reference Functions (7/12) 3.LOOKUP(lookup_value, table) examines the shape of the table and determines whether you want to return data from a row (similar to HLOOKUP) or from a column (similar to VLOOKUP). If the table has more columns than rows, LOOKUP searches in the first row. Otherwise, it search in the first column.

18. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.18/22 6.3 Lookup and Reference Functions (8/12) Fig.6.27 Example of LOOKUP() with 2 arguments. Matching result in last row/column of table is returned

19. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.19/22 6.3 Lookup and Reference Functions (9/12) 4.INDEX(table, row_num, column_num) returns the value of a cell at the intersection of a specified row and column. Fig.6.29 Example of INDEX() function

20. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.20/22 6.3 Lookup and Reference Functions (10/12) 5.MATCH(lookup_value, table, type) returns the relative position of an type in a table that matches a specified value. “type” is zero for exact match. INDEX is usually used with MATCH to provide a fully automated search (without the need to provide the column number to return).

21. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.21/22 6.3 Lookup and Reference Functions (11/12) Fig.6.30 Comparing VLOOKUP(), LOOKUP() and INDEX()

22. Copyright 2005 Radian Publishing Co.22/22 6.3 Lookup and Reference Functions (12/12) In FREQUENCY(), the result represents the frequency of data which are less than or equal to the group value specified by you. While in VLOOKUP() and HLOOKUP, Excel searches for data which are greater than or equal to the value specified in the table.