1. Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775
THEME:
Compared with its 17th Century counterpart, 18th Century colonial society became more complex and hierarchical, more ethnically and religiously diverse, and more economically and politically developed.
Colonial culture, while still limited, took on distinctive American qualities in such areas as evangelical religion, education, freedom of the press and self-government.

2. English : Colonials 1700 - 20:1 1775 - 3:1
2.5 million people in 13 colonies
90% pop. is rural
VA, MA, PA, NC, MD are most populous
6% are Germans
7% Scots-Irish
20% African
???? Native American
Middle Colonies most multi-ethnic

3. What were the characteristics of New England society?
Class?
Race?
Education?
Professions?
Patterns of Settlement?
Family Life?

4. Immigrant Families and New Social Order
Puritans believed God ordained the family
Reproduced patriarchal English family in New England
Huge population growth caused by high life expectancy more than high fertility
Greater longevity in New England resulted in “invention” of grandparents
Multigenerational families strengthened social stability 3

5. Distribution of European and African Immigrants in the Thirteen Colonies

6. Social Hierarchy in New England
Absence of very rich necessitated creation of new social order
Half-Way Covenant evolves in 2nd Generation
New England social order:
Local gentry of prominent, pious families
Large population of independent yeomen landowners loyal to local community
Small population of landless laborers, servants, poor 6

7. Commonwealth of Families
Church membership associated with certain families and church activities increasingly reflected that
Membership defined by the “elect”
Development of the “Half-Way Covenant” (p. 57)
Education provided by the family 4

8. Women’s Lives in Puritan New England
Women’s roles
Farm labor, although not necessarily same tasks as men
Often outnumbered men 2:1 in church membership
Women could not control property
Divorce difficult for a woman to obtain
Both genders accommodated themselves to roles they believed God ordained 5

9. Professions 90% people are involved in farming Ministers Fisherman
Sailors
Merchants
Manufacturing
Few doctors
Few lawyers

10. Chesap. Family Life at Risk
Normal family life impossible in Virginia
Mostly young male indentured servants
Most immigrants soon died
In marriages, one spouse often died within seven years
Extended families common
Mortality rates so high that without immigration, population would have declined 8

11. Women in Chesapeake Society
Scarcity gave some women bargaining power in marriage market
Female indentured servants vulnerable to sexual exploitation
Childbearing extremely dangerous
Chesapeake women died twenty years earlier than women in New England 9

12. The Structure of Planter Society: A Dispersed Population
Large-scale tobacco cultivation required:
Great landholdings
Ready access to water-borne commerce
Result: population dispersed along great tidal rivers
Virginia a rural society devoid of towns
Education system was seen as unnecessary and got little attention 11

13. SOCIAL HIERARCHY

14. Race and Freedom in British America
Indians decimated by disease
European indentured servant pool waned after 1660
Enslaved Africans filled demand for labor
TIPPING POINT:
BACON’S REBELLION in Virginia 1676 12

15. Roots of Slavery First Africans came to Virginia in 1619
Status of Africans in Virginia unclear for 50 yrs.
Rising black population after 1672 prompted stricter slave laws
Africans defined as slaves for life
Slave status passed on to children
White masters possessed total control of slave life and labor
Mixing of races not tolerated 13

16. Origins and Destinations of African Slaves, 1619–1760

17. Agricultural South

18. American Life in the Seventeenth Century 1607-1692
THEME:
In the Chesapeake region, 17th Century colonial society was characterized by disease-shortened lives, weak family life and a social hierarchy that included hardworking planters at the top and restless poor whites and black slaves at the bottom.
By contrast, early New England life was characterized by healthy, extended life spans, strong family life, closely knit towns and churches, and a demanding economic and moral environment.

19. Olududah Equiano
The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome that it was dangerous to remain there for any time, and some of us had been permitted to stay on the deck for the fresh air; but now that the whole ship's cargo were confined together it became absolutely pestilential. The closeness of the place and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, now become insupportable and the filth of the necessary tubs, into which the children often fell and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women and the groans of the dying rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. Happily perhaps for myself I was soon reduced so low here that it was thought necessary to keep me almost always on deck, and from my extreme youth I was not put in fetters. In this situation I expected every hour to share the fate of my companions, some of whom were almost daily brought upon deck at the point of death, which I began to hope would soon put an end to my miseries. Often did I think many of the inhabitants of the deep much more happy than myself. I envied them the freedom they enjoyed, and as often wished I could change my condition for theirs. Every circumstance I met with served only to render my state more painful, and heighten my apprehensions and my opinion of the cruelty of the whites.

20. One day they had taken a number of fishes, and when they had killed and satisfied themselves with as many as they thought fit, to our astonishment who were on the deck, rather than give any of them to us to eat as we expected, they tossed the remaining fish into the sea again, although we begged and prayed for some as well as we could, but in vain; and some of my countrymen, being pressed by hunger, took an opportunity when they thought no one saw them of trying to get a little privately; but they were discovered, and the attempt procured them some very severe floggings. One day, when we had a smooth sea and moderate wind, two of my wearied countrymen who were chained together (I was near them at the time), preferring death to such a life of misery, somehow made through the nettings and jumped into the sea: immediately another quite dejected fellow, who on account of his illness was suffered to be out of irons, also followed their example; and I believe many more would very soon have done the same if they had not been prevented by the ship's crew, who were instantly alarmed. Those of us that were the most active were in a moment put down under the deck, and there was such a noise and confusion amongst the people of the ship as I never heard before, to stop her and get the boat out to go after the slaves. However two of the wretches were drowned, but they got the other and afterwards flogged him unmercifully for thus attempting to prefer death to slavery. In this manner we continued to undergo more hardships than I can now relate, hardships which are inseparable from this accursed trade.

21. Slave ship
Slave ship
This plan graphically depicts the crowded, unsanitary conditions under which enslaved Africans were packed like cargo and transported across the Atlantic. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

22. Map: The Settlements of the Lower South
This map shows the towns and fortifications of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, as well as the overlapping claims by the Spanish and the English to the territory south and west of Fort King George. The many Georgia forts reflect that colony's role as a buffer state between rice-rich South Carolina and the Spanish troops stationed in Florida.

23. Characteristics of the South
Cash Crops: Tobacco, Cotton, Indigo, Rice
Rural society, along rivers
Plantations largely self-sufficient
Prosperous from cash crops
Women are second-class citizens
Scarcity of Women
Few Settlers & high mortality rates.S. attitudes toward women
Slavery entrenched in Southern economy
New African-American culture
Slaves out # whites  Stono Rebellion, 1739, Charleston, Carolina

24. Slavery in the Colonies
10 million slaves come to the colonies in 300 years
Fatality rates 20% or higher during “Middle Passage”
By mid 1680’s slaves outnumber indentured servants
Slaves eventually outnumber whites in Carolinas and deep South
In South and in the Chesapeake region a new culture emerges as slaves become Af.-Americans in music, religion and language
1739 Stono revolt in SC
1740’s slave imports slow

28. COMPARE/CONTRAST NORTHERN MIDDLE SOUTHERN Puritan Religious Freedom
Farm & Industry
Small Farms
Protestant Ethic
Slow, but Growing
Conflict w/Indians
Healthy Climate
Exceptions- RI
Quaker
Rel. Toleration
Farms
Democratic/Tolerant
Good Rel.w/Indian
Chesapeake Malarial
Exceptions - MD
Catholic/Misc.
Royal Colonies
Cash Crops
Plantations
Slavery
Buffer States/
Punitive Wars
Malarial Climate
Exceptions- NC

29. COMPARE/CONTRAST NORTHERN MIDDLE SOUTHERN Puritan Religious Freedom
Farm & Industry
Small Farms
Slow, but Growing Conflict w/Indians
Good Climate
Quaker
Rel. Toleration
Farms
Democratic
Tolerant
Good Rel.w/Indian
Malaria in Chesap.
Catholic/Misc.
Economic
Cash Crops
Plantations
Slavery
Buffer State
Punitive Wars
Malarial

30. When, Why, and How did the various English settlements in the new world come to be controlled by England?

31. Keeping the colonies under England’s economic and political control
PROBLEM:
Keeping the colonies under England’s
economic and political control
England’s Solutions:
1650- Parliament passes Navigation Acts to regulate
colonial trade
James II merged northern colonies and
disbanded their local assemblies
After Parliament strengthened the
Navigation Acts by creating Board of Trade and
moving trials to Admiralty Courts

32. MERCANTILISM Wealth = Power More Wealth  More Power
Export Revenue $ > Import Expenses
Colonies Provide:
Supplies of Raw Materials
A Market for Finished Goods

33. KEY IDEA America existed to serve the interests of England
America was a MEANS to English ENDS

34. Raw Materials
England
Colonies
Currency
Finished Products

36. Mercantilist Controls on Trade
Navigation Laws, = only English ships may trade with the colonies
Trade with Europe must first pass through England
Certain products could only be made in England
Currency was restricted – produced primarily in England
“Royal Veto” used against colonial assemblies
Royal Governor, ESPECIALLY Sir Edmund Andros

37. Dominion of New England
3 EFFECT:
Trade imbalance
in Colonies
CAUSE:
Increased
Competition
in Europe
2 EFFECT:
Mercantilism
Dominion of New England
Glorious Revolution
4 EFFECT
Colonial Smuggling
Royal Crackdown
6 EFFECT
Colonial
Self-Government
5 EFFECT
Salutary
Neglect

38. Salutary Neglect AKA Benign Neglect
Stricter regulations on trade not enforced
AS LONG AS trade imbalance continued
Colonies controlled by Royal Governors
BUT local assemblies used “power of the purse”

39. INTENTION/
CAUSE
ECONOMIC
CONTROL OF
COLONIES
UNINTENDED
EFFECT
UNIFY
THE COLONIES

40. PROS & CONS of Mercantilism
Stifled American economic initiative
Southern Colonies favored over Northern
Cash Crop prices set by English Merchants
Gouging
Colonies were dependent on England
Not equal partners
Currency Depreciation
PROS
England paid bounties on shipping industry =government subsidies
American had a monopoly on Tobacco
America was not taxed to support the English Army or Navy
Americans generally. better off than English

41. What were the effects of the Glorious Revolution?
In Virginia?
In the Bay Colony?
In New York?
In Maryland?
Bacon’s Rebellion
Dominion of New England
Salem Witch Trials
Leisler’s Rebellion
Coode’s Rebellion

42. What happened? Why? What is its historical significance?
Salem Witch “Trial”
What happened?
Why?
What is its historical significance?