1. 1 Dr Alexiei Dingli Introduction to Web Science Publishing on the Web

2. 2 Acquire Model Reuse Retrieve Publish Maintain Six challenges of the Knowledge Life Cycle

3. 3 What do we mean by publishing? What can we publish? How can we publish? Where can we publish? Publishing?

4. 4 Permanent output –Paper –Microfiche –Film Impermanent output –Screen –Sound –Tactile Output Devices

5. 5 On paper using printers –Impact Printers (Noisy) Dot Matrix (Slow + Low Quality) Daisy Wheel (Very Slow + 1 Font) Chain and Band printers (Fast + Expensive) –Non-Impact Printers (Silent, High Quality, Fast) Inkjet Thermal (Expensive) Laser (Cost effective + Colour expensive) Permanent Output (1)

6. 6 Printers –Speed measured in Pages Per Minutes –Resolution measured in Dots Per Inch (dpi) 80 dpi (dot matrix) = Near Letter Quality 300 dpi – 1200 dpi (non-impact) = Near Book Quality –Store information in firmware such as Typeface (Fonts) Character set Size –More complex printers use Page Description Language (PDL) Communicates complex commands directly to printer Used in pdf and postscript Permanent Output (2)

7. 7 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) –Text based to high resolution –Produce minor health hazards Since they are radiation emitting devices! Alternative systems might not use a screen … –Lights –Gauges –Dials Visual Output (1)

8. 8 Organic Light Emitting Diode vrs Liquid Crystal Display –High Brightness –High Contrast –Ultra Wide viewing angle –No backlight required –Thin and compact –Fast response –Low power Visual Output (2)

9. 9 Electronic Paper Visual Output (3)

10. 10 Used on its own or in conjunction with visual elements (to increase effectiveness) Mainly limited to warnings Uses –Audible click of keyboard –Dial pad tones –Speech synthesis –Assist disabled and visually impaired Auditory Output

11. 11 Used to reduce channel overload –Attract attention in critical situations (errors) –Notes particular status during a process (whenever a new email is received) –Confirmation of action (sound indicates validity) –Navigation purposes (in hypermedia/3D) Sound (Non-speech)

12. 12 But is that all? On how many devices can you publish … in your house? –PC –TV, VCR, DVD, HiFi, cable/satellite TV –microwave, cooker, washing machine –central heating –security system can you think of more? in your pockets? –PDA –phone, camera –smart card, card with magnetic strip? –electronic car key –USB memory try your pockets and bags

13. 13 Touch-Screens (and light pens) –Use screen as input –Used in public information systems Virtual Reality –Make use of other body parts for computer input Gaze-tracking Head-movement tracking Hand-arm movement tracking –Originally developed for military –For weapon systems guidance and hands free operations

14. 14 Integrated gaze and face tracking system. A camera and IR light source tracks gaze by computing the angle between the corneal reflection and the centroid of the pupil.

15. 15 Smart Systems

16. 16 Force-feedback –Allows to “feel” how machine is responding Tactile (1)

17. 17 Tactile (2)

18. 18 Inch Foot Yard Implications for device size as well as relationship to people Scales of devices

19. 19 Inch –PDAs –Voice Recorders –smart phones Individuals own many of them and they can all communicate with each other and environment. Device scales

20. 20 Foot –notebooks –tablets –digital paper Individual owns several but not assumed to be always with them. Device scales

21. 21 Yard –electronic whiteboards –plasma displays –smart bulletin boards Buildings or institutions own them and lots of people share them. Device scales

22. 22 How can we remove the barrier? –Actions on physical objects have meaning electronically, and vice versa –Output from electronic world superimposed on physical world Merging Physical and Digital Worlds A “digital” desk An augmented calendar

23. 23 Different Inputs … Different Outputs (1) Capacitive sensing on a table

24. 24 Different Inputs … Different Outputs (2)

25. 25 Different Inputs … Different Outputs (3)

26. 26 Different Inputs … Different Outputs (4)

27. 27 Context-aware computing –Sensed phenomena facilitate easier interaction Automated capture and access –Live experiences stored for future access Toward continuous interaction –Everyday activities have no clear begin-end conditions Application Themes

28. 28 visitors to Mackintosh Interpretation Centre –some on web, some use VR, some really there interacting –talk via microphones –‘see’ each other virtually different places different modalities shared experience City - shared experience

29. 29 headsets allow user to “see” the virtual world gesture recognition achieved with DataGlove (lycra glove with optical sensors that measure hand and finger positions) eyegaze allows users to indicate direction with eyes alone whole body position sensed, walking etc. Virtual Reality Technology

30. 30 small TV screen for each eye slightly different angles 3D effect VR headsets

31. 31 Minority Report … reality or fiction?

32. 32 Headset VR –expensive, uncomfortable Desktop VR –use ordinary monitor and PC cheap and convenient In games … and on the web –VRML – virtual reality markup language On the Desktop

33. 33 #VRML V1.0 ascii Separator { Separator { # for sphere Material { emmissiveColor 0 0 1 # blue } Sphere { radius 1 } } Transform { translation 4 2 0 } Separator { # for cone Texture2 { filename "big_alan.jpg" } Cone { radius 1 # N.B. width=2*radius height 3 } } } VRML … VR on the web

34. 34 VR –computer simulation of the real world mainly visual, but sound, gesture too –experience life-like situations too dangerous, too expensive –see unseen things: too small, too large, hidden, invisible –e.g. manipulating molecules the experience –aim is immersion, engagement, interaction Immersion

35. 35 scenes projected on walls realistic environment real controls other people for: –flight simulators –ships –military Command and Control

36. 36 simulation –games, military, training VR holidays –rainforest, safari, surf, ski and moon walk … all from your own armchair medical –surgery scans and x-rays used to build model then ‘practice’ operation force feedback best Remote surgery via robotic arms –phobia treatment virtual lifts, spiders, etc. Applications of VR

37. 37 number of virtual dimensions that are ‘real’ three dimensional space –visualise invisible fields or values –e.g. virtual wind tunnel two dimensional space –can project data value up from plane –e.g. geographic data no ‘real’ dimensions –2D/3D histograms, scatter plots, pie charts, etc. Scientific and Technical Data

38. 38 fluid dynamics to simulate air flow virtual bubbles used to show movements ‘better’ than real wind tunnel … –no disruption of air flow –cheaper and faster Virtual Wind Tunnel

39. 39 images projected over the real world –aircraft head-up display –semi-transparent goggles –projecting onto a desktop types of information –unrelated – e.g. reading email with wearable –related – e.g. virtual objects interacting with world issues –registration – aligning virtual and real –eye gaze direction Augmented Reality (AR)

40. 40

41. 41 AR in Architecture

42. 42 Maintenance –overlay instructions –display schematics Examples –photocopier engineers registration critical arrows point to parts Applications of AR

43. 43

44. 44 Ubiquitous/Disappearing devices –Intelligence embedded everywhere –Always connected –Intuitive –Seamless Microelectronics becoming –Smaller – can be integrated anywhere –Cheaper Ubiquitous Computing

45. 45 Centralised –Many people > 1 Computer Personal –1 person > 1 Computer Pervasive –1 person > Many computers 3 Computing Stages

46. 46 Interpersonal –User to User Retrieval –User to Stored Information Networked Device –User to Device to Device to User 3 Communication Stages

47. 47 Today –World organised around a network and distinct services Tomorrow –Person is placed at the centre Change of Paradigm

48. 48 Personal information can be gathered everywhere, anytime User cannot always give prior agreement Maybe devices should publicise their presence? Provide a way of mass deactivation? Privacy Concerns

49. 49 Scenario: Assisted Living (1)

50. 50 Monitoring and Assistance –helping the elderly to keep a structured everyday life –reminding to take medicine –to drink and eat –warn the elderly when eat-by dates are expired –monitoring vital functions and communicate the data to the doctor –the system recognizes falling down or cardiac infarction of the elderly Interaction –enable the elderly to communicate with friends, relatives, or medical and care personal. Medication –controlling the medication of the elderly by reminding them –to take pills Scenario: Assisted Living (2)

51. 51 Scenario: Assisted Living (3)

52. 52 Fraunhofer Video

53. 53 –Ubicomp activities not so task-centric, might give inputs to various tasks –Technologies are so new, it is often hard to get long-term authentic summative evaluation –Metric of success could be very different (playfulness, non-distraction versus efficiency) Evaluation Challenges

54. 54 Questions?