2.  Is it suitable for a particular use?  Ecosystem  Drinking  Recreation  Agriculture  based upon its selected  Physical,  Chemical, and  Biological properties

3.  Biological: flora and fauna species  Benthos macroinvertebrates  Bottom dwellers lacking a backbone, i.e. Worms, larvae, clams, snails, water striders 

5. 1. When was the Clean Water Act signed into law? 2. What was a goal of the Clean Water Act? 3. List one area of water pollution that has gotten worse in the past 40 years. 4. Give an example of point source and non-point source water pollution. 5. List a waterborne disease. 6. What does BOD test for? 7. What can lower the DO of a body of water? 8. How can oxygen be added to water? 9. What is the term to describe a body of water that has low biological productivity? 10. What is cultural eutrophication? 11. Describe an ecological harm caused by cultural eutrophication.

6.  Example: Organic matter  Source: sewage, lawn clippings. Oxygen is required to convert stored energy in organic matter to ATP (cellular respiration). As O 2 dissolves in H 2 O, energy is released O2 + 80% Saturation > 100% saturation + heat. If the system is heated, H 2 O will not dissolve Cool the water, then O 2 dissolves. During the summer, where could the water become anoxic? Why? A lake becomes stratified in the summer. Prevents mixing of nutrients and oxygen Why are there large algae blooms in the fall?

7.  Example: N & P  Source: Ag. & Urban fertilizers, sewage, manure  Eutrophication: Things change.  Dead Zones Dead Zones  Excess Nitrogen in drinking water: methemoglobinemia

8.  Bacteria: Cholera: watery diarrhea that can kill in hours.  3-5 million affected, 100,000 deaths  Virus: Polio: paralyzes muscles, enters through mouth  99% reduction since 1988. Only four countries are endemic for it.  Protist: Giardiasis : severe diarrhea  Coliform testing: Guilt by association

9.  Organic: C-C bonds, C-H bonds  Example : Fossil fuels, detergents, pharmaceuticals  DDT: Silent Spring  Miracle chemical: killed lice in WWII  Later used to kill mosquitoes  Bio-accumulated in tissues  Biomagnified through food chain

10.  Metals: mercury, lead, cadmium  Weathered from rocks into the water.  Coal releases mercury into the atmosphere, which then diffuses on to the water.  Shark, Tilefish, Mackerel, Kingfish, Swordfish  Mercury: causes neurological impairments.  Pregnant women should eat 1 can light tuna/ 3 days  Non-metalic: Road salt, arsenic  Acids: H2SO4

11.  Sediments  Thermal  Radiation

12.  1948 30% of Americans had access to municipal sewage treatment that may have only removed chunks  NPDES : 10% of pollution comes from industrial point source  91% rivers, 88% lakes are fishable and swimmable  Navigable waters no longer include some tributaries.

13. Sediments, nutrients & pathogens pose problems Non-point sources account for 75% of water pollution