1. Forensic Anthropology and Odontology

2. Forensic Anthropology -study of human skeletal remains to determine sex, age, race, and time of death in an effort to identify an individual - includes newer topics of facial reconstruction and age progression - “anthros” is Greek for humankind or man, logos means “the study of”

3. Determination of Sex 1.Pelvis best females have wider subpubic angle females have a wider sciatic notch females have a broad pelvic inlet

4. Determination of Sex 1.Pelvis best females have wider subpubic angle females have a wider sciatic notch females have a broad pelvic inlet

5. Determination of Sex 2.Cranium second best Crests and ridges more pronounced in males (A, B, C) Chin significantly more square in males (E) Jaw (I, E), mastoid process wide and robust in males Forehead slopes more in males (F)

6. Determination of Race The cranium is the only reliable bone and, even then, can only tell general category as below: Mongoloid (all of Asian decent and Native American decent) wider cheekbones, concave incisors, width between eyes greatest Negro (everyone of African decent and West Indian decent) more prominent ridges, wider nasal opening Caucasian (all ‘white’ individuals) narrow everything

7. Determination of Age from Bones Ages 0-5: teeth are best – forensic odontology Ages 6-25: epiphyseal fusion – fusion of bone ends to bone shaft epiphyseal fusion varies with sex and is typically complete by age 25 Ages 25-40: very hard Ages 40+: periodontal disease, arthritis, breakdown of pelvis, occupational stress, unique clues

8. Determination of Age from Bones Occupational stress wears bones at joints Surgeries or healed wounds aid in identification

9. Determination of Stature from Bones Long bone length (femur, tibia, humerus) is proportional to height There are tables that forensic anthropologists use. For example: Femur length Predicted Height 41 cm 167 cm (5’6”) 50 cm186 cm (6’1’) Males: (1.88 x femur length in inches) + 32.01 Females: (1.945 x femur length in inches) + 28.70

10. Dating Human Skeletal Remains Under the right conditions, bodies can be reduced to a skeleton in as little as three weeks Laboratory Tests Immunology tests can indicate if body is a few months old or less Blood pigments last less than 10 years Identification of amino acids possible if less than 100 yrs old (fluorescence) Percentage of nitrogen in bones (new is about 4.5%) – bones lose about 0.006% a year Carbon dating for bones centuries old

11. Facial Reconstruction Determine demographic information (female, Caucasian, early 40s) Note unique features (had lost all back teeth on upper and lower jaw) Anything known about this individual? (came to U.S. by boat in 1710 from Europe, died and buried in NY around 1733) 1. Obtain skull

12. Facial Reconstruction 2.Add tissue depth markers Based on largely on sex and race 3. Begin to add common fat deposits and underlying muscles

13. Facial Reconstruction 4. Add muscle to average depth for race 5. Add skin, nose, ears 6. Add features related to age and race (wrinkles, eye and hair color)

14. Facial Reconstruction 7. Add clothing etc appropriate for the time period, religious affiliations, etc

15. Forensic Odontology identification of bite marks on victims comparison of bite marks with teeth of a suspect identification of unknown bodies through dental records age estimations of skeletal remains victim identification through DNA analysis

16. Normal Adult Human Teeth

17. Forensic Odontology – Bite Marks Physical Characteristics distance from cuspid to cuspid tooth alignment teeth width, thickness, spacing missing teeth wear patterns including chips and grinding dental history including fillings, crowns, etc.