1. PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook The University of West Alabama Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 PART III: Organizing

2. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–2 Learning Outcomes After reading this chapter, I will be able to: 1.Describe the human resource management process. 2.Identify the influence of government regulations on human resource decisions. 3.Differentiate between job descriptions and job specifications. 4.Contrast recruitment and downsizing options. 5.Explain the importance of validity and reliability in selection.

3. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–3 Learning Outcomes (cont’d) After reading this chapter, I will be able to: 6.Describe the selection devices that work best with various kinds of jobs. 7.Identify various training methods. 8.Explain the various techniques managers can use in evaluating employee performance. 9.Describe the goals of compensation administration and factors that affect wage structures. 10.Explain what is meant by the terms sexual harassment, labor–management cooperation, workplace violence, and layoff-survivor sickness.

4. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–4 Human Resources Management (HRM) The management function that is concerned with getting, training, motivating, and keeping competent employees.  Balancing the supply of employees with the demand for employees.  Matching the talents and skills of employees with those required by the organization.  Creating a working environment that fosters high employee performance.  Meeting the pay and benefits needs of employees.

5. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–5 The Strategic Human Resources Management Process Exhibit 6.1

6. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–6 The Legal Environment Of HRM The impact of federal, state and local laws on HRM practices  Affirmative action programs  Programs that ensure that decisions and practices enhance the employment, upgrading, and retention of members of protected groups

7. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–7 Major U.S. Federal Laws and Regulations Related to HRM YEARLAW OR REGULATION 1963Equal Pay Act 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title VII (amended in 1972) 1967 Age Discrimination in Employment Act (amended in 1978) 1973Vocational Rehabilitation Act 1974Privacy Act 1978Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Title VII 1978Mandatory Retirement Act 1986Immigration Reform and Control Act 1988Polygraph Protection Act 1988Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act 1990Americans with Disabilities Act 1991Civil Rights Act 1993Family and Medical Leave Act 2002Sarbanes-Oxley Act Exhibit 6.2

8. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–8 The Legal Environment Of HRM (cont’d) The globalization of business  HR practices and the laws of other countries that differ from the U.S.  Work councils  Nominated or elected employees who must be consulted when management makes decisions involving personnel  Board representatives  Employees who sit on a company’s board of directors and represent the interests of employees

9. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–9 Employment Planning Employment planning  The process by which management ensures it has the right number and kinds of people in the right places at the right time, who are capable of helping the organization achieve its goals Steps in the planning process: 1.Assessing current human resources. 2.Assessing future human resources needs and developing a program to meet those needs.

10. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–10 Employee Assessment Human resource inventory report  A report listing the name, education, training, prior employer, languages spoken, and other information about each employee in the organization Job analysis  An assessment of the kinds of skills, knowledge, and abilities needed to successfully perform each job in an organization

11. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–11 Job Analysis Components Job description  A written statement of what a job holder does, how it is done, and why it is done  Tasks, duties and responsibilities that the job entails Job specification  A statement of the minimum acceptable qualifications that an incumbent must possess to perform a given job successfully  Knowledge, skills, and abilities required of the job holder

12. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–12 Recruitment And Selection Recruitment  The process of locating, identifying, and attracting capable applicants Selection process  The process of screening job applicants to ensure that the most appropriate candidates are hired

13. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–13 Traditional Recruiting Sources Internal searches Advertisements Employee referrals Public employment agencies Private employment agencies School placement Temporary help services Employee leasing and independent contractors Exhibit 6.3

14. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–14 Downsizing Options Firing Layoffs Attrition Transfers Reduced workweeks Early retirements Job sharing Exhibit 6.4

15. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–15 Selection Decision Outcomes Exhibit 6.5

16. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–16 Selection Terms Reliability  The degree to which a selection device measures the same thing consistently (stability)  Example: an individual consistently achieves nearly identical scores on the same exam. Validity  The proven relationship between a selection device and some relevant criterion (a measure of job success)  Example: superior job performance and high employment test scores

17. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–17 Selection Devices Written tests  Intelligence, aptitude, ability, and interest test batteries Performance-simulation tests  Selection devices that are based on actual job behaviors; work sampling and assessment centers Interviews  Effective if conducted correctly Realistic job preview (RJP)  Providing positive and negative information about the job and the company during the job interview

18. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–18 Potential Biases in Interviews Prior knowledge about the applicant will bias the interviewer’s evaluation. The interviewer tends to hold a stereotype of what represents a good applicant. The interviewer tends to favor applicants who share his or her own attitudes. The order in which applicants are interviewed will influence evaluations. The order in which information is elicited during the interview will influence evaluations.

19. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–19 Potential Biases in Interviews (cont’d) Negative information is given unduly high weight. The interviewer may make a decision concerning the applicant’s suitability within the first four or five minutes of the interview. The interviewer may forget much of the interview’s content within minutes after its conclusion. The interview is most valid in determining an applicant’s intelligence, level of motivation, and interpersonal skills. Structured and well-organized interviews are more reliable than unstructured and unorganized ones.

20. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–20 Making Interviews More Effective Behavioral (Situation) Interview  An interview in which candidates are observed not only for what they say, but how behave to determine how they might behave under stress.  Candidates are presented a complex situation and asked to “deal with” it.  Research indicates that behavioral interviews are nearly eight times more effective than other interview formats.

21. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–21 Introducing Employee to the Organization Employee Orientation  The introduction of a new employee to the job and the organization Objectives of orientation  To reduce the initial anxiety all new employees feel as they begin a new job  To familiarize new employees with the job, the work unit, and the organization as a whole  To facilitate the outsider–insider transition

22. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–22 Training Employee training  A learning experience in that it seeks a relatively permanent change in employees such that their ability to perform on the job improves.  Changing skills, knowledge, attitudes, or behavior  Changing what employees know, how they work; or their attitudes toward their jobs, co-workers, managers, and the organization

23. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–23 Determining if Training Is Needed Exhibit 6.6

24. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–24 Typical Training Methods On-the-Job Training Methods  Job rotation  Understudy assignments Off-the-Job Training Methods  Classroom lectures  Films and videos  Simulation exercises  Vestibule training Exhibit 6.7

25. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–25 Performance Management Performance management system  A process of establishing performance standards and evaluating performance in order to arrive at objective human resource decisions and to provide documentation to support personnel actions

26. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–26 Other Appraisal Methods Adjective rating scales  Rating an individual on each job performance factor on an incremental scale. 360-degree appraisal  An appraisal device that seeks feedback from a variety of sources for the person being rated.

27. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–27 Direct Comparison Methods Group-order ranking  Requires the evaluator to place employees into a particular classification such as “top fifth” or “second fifth.” Individual ranking approach  Requires the evaluator merely to list the employees in order from highest to lowest.

28. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–28 Direct Comparison Methods (cont’d) Paired comparison approach  Each employee is compared with every other employee in the comparison group and rated as either the superior or weaker member of the pair.  Each employee is assigned a summary ranking based on the number of superior scores achieved. MBO  Employees are evaluated by how well they accomplish a specific set of objectives determined to be critical in the successful completion of their jobs.

29. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–29 METHODADVANTAGEDISADVANTAGE Written essaySimple to useMore a measure of evaluator’s writing ability than of employee’s actual performance Critical incidentsRich examplesTime-consuming; lack behaviorally basedquantification Graphic ratingProvide quantitativeDo not provide depth of job scalesdata; less time-behavior assessed consuming than others BARSFocus on specificTime-consuming; difficult to and measurable jobdevelop measures behaviors MultipersonCompares employeesUnwieldy with large number of with one anotheremployees MBOFocuses on end goals;Time-consuming results oriented 360°AppraisalMore thoroughTime-consuming Performance Appraisal Methods Exhibit 6.8

30. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–30 When Performance Falls Short Performance impediments  Mismatched skills  Inadequate training  Employee’s personal problems Discipline  Actions taken by a manager to enforce an organization’s standards and regulations Employee counseling  A process designed to help employees overcome performance-related problems

31. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–31 Performance Matters Source: Dilbert reprinted by permission of United Features Syndicate, Inc. Exhibit 6.9

32. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–32 Compensation And Benefits Compensation administration  Determining a cost-effective pay structure that will attract and retain competent employees, provide an incentive for them to work hard, and ensure that pay levels will be perceived as fair. Factors influencing pay levels  Employee’s job  Kind of business  Environment surrounding the job  Geographic location  Employee performance levels and seniority.

33. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–33 Benefits Employee benefits  Nonfinancial rewards designed to enrich employees’ lives Types of benefits  Social Security  Workers’ and unemployment compensations  Paid time off from work  Life and disability insurance  Retirement programs  health insurance

34. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–34 Workforce Diversity Improving workforce diversity  Widen the recruiting net to broaden the pool of applicants.  Ensure the selection process is nondiscriminatory  Assist new employees in assimilating into the firm’s culture.  Conduct specialized orientations and workshops for new employees

35. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–35 Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment  Sexually suggestive remarks, unwanted touching and sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal and physical conduct of a sexual nature  Creates an intimidating, offensive, or hostile environment;  Unreasonably interferes with an individual’s work; or  Adversely affects an employee’s employment opportunities.

36. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–36 Sexual Harassment (cont’d) Hostile (or offensive) environment  Meritor Savings Bank v. Vincent  Organization can be held liable for harassment  Harassing act (not subsequent outcome) is deciding factor Protecting the organization  Educating employees about sexual harassment  Having a sexual harassment policy in place that is enforced fairly  Taking action on the first instance of a sexual harassment complaint

37. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–37 Labor Relations and Unions Labor–management cooperation  Involves mutual efforts on the part of a labor union and the management of an organization.  Successful efforts to increase productivity, improve quality, and lower costs require employee involvement and commitment.  Labor unions have come to recognize that they can help their members more by cooperating with management than fighting it.

38. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–38 Violence in the Workplace Workplace violence  The increase in violent crimes being committed at the work site. Preventing violence in the workplace  Training supervisory personnel to identify troubled employees before the problem results in violence.  Designing employee assistance programs (EAPs) specifically to help individuals in need.  Implementing stronger security mechanisms.  Preventing violence paraphernalia from entering facilities altogether.

39. Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.6–39 Layoffs and Downsizing Layoff-survivor sickness  The set of attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors of employees who remain after involuntary staff reductions Dealing with the “Survivor Syndrome”  Provide opportunities for employees to talk to counselors about their guilt, anger, and anxiety.  Provide group discussions for the survivors to vent their feelings.  Implement employee participation programs such as empowerment and self-managed work teams.