1. Estimation of primary production at high frequency using multi-parametric relationships between PAM measurements and carbon incorporation 17 th May, 2013 CNRS INEE - FRE3484 BioMEA, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, FRANCE camille.napoleon@unicaen.fr C.N APOLÉON, P.C LAQUIN 45 th International Liège Colloquium

2. 2 Every trophic level relies on Primary production Why the primary production ? Phytoplankton

3. Why the English Channel ? English Channel a strategic area only few data 3 Position of stations used for the validation of the MIRO&CO model. Lacroix et al. (2007)

4. Portsmouth Ouistreham 4 Normandie Brittany Ferries OuistrehamPortsmouth Method

5. - 4 m 5 Method Normandie Brittany Ferries OuistrehamPortsmouth

6. 6 Nutrients (DIN, DIP, DSi) Chl a Suspension Matter Phytoplankton species (pico, nano, micro) Water flow Temperature Turbidity Salinity Multi-parameters Probe Method Light

7. The PAM method 7 Method H+H+ H+H+ PSII PSI Carbohydrates NADPH + H + NADP + e-e- e-e- Fd O 2 + H + H2OH2O ATPADP+P i ATPase STROMA LUMEN Calvin cycle CO 2 Fluorescence variation of the PSII Production of electrons

8. Nutrients (DIN, DIP, DSi) Chl a SPM Phytoplankton species (pico, nano micro) Water flow Temperature Turbidity Salinity Multi-parameters Probe Method 8 Solenoid valves interface Solenoid valve emitter- detector unit PAM Control Unit Dark tank 100ml

9. ETR max Maximal electron transport rate α Maximal light utilization efficiency 9 Fast (10 minutes) Economic Non invasive Automatic The PAM method Method

10. Portsmouth (GB) Ouistreham (FR) December 2010November 2009 OuistrehamPortsmouth 10 How to estimate primary production at high frequency ?

11. Portsmouth (GB) Ouistreham (FR) December 2010November 2009 11 High frequency BUT Production of electrons! NOT Carbon incorporation! Can we use high frequency ETR measurements to estimate carbon incorporation at high frequency? How to estimate primary production at high frequency ?

12. H+H+ H+H+ PSII PSI Carbohydrates NADPH + H + NADP + e-e- O 2 + H + H2OH2O ATPADP+P i ATPase STROMA LUMEN Calvin cycle Fluorescence variation of the PSII Production of electrons 13 C Carbon incorporation 12 How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Calvin cycle Fd e-e-

13. The photosynthetron Light 13 13 C How to estimate primary production at high frequency ?

14. PAM 13 C Fast (10min) Economic Non invasive Automatic Does not give access to the carbon incorporation Disadvantage Advantages Gives access to the carbon incorporation Requires a long time of incubation (3h) Costly Disavantages Advantage High frequency measurements 14 Low frequency measurements How to estimate primary production at high frequency ?

15. H+H+ H+H+ PSII PSI Carbohydrates NADPH + H + NADP + e-e- O 2 + H + H2OH2O ATPADP+P i ATPase STROMA LUMEN Calvin cycle Fluorescence variation of the PSII Production of electrons 13 C Carbon incorporation 15 How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Calvin cycle Fd e-e- Factor ?

16. ETR C C = f(ETR) ETR C Relationship? 16 How to estimate primary production at high frequency ?

17. What kind of relationship? Logarithmic relationship More electrons needed to fix 1 mole of C. Photoregulation at high light to protect the cell from photoinhibition by damages Alternative electron sinks -cyclic electron flow around PSI, PSII -Mehler reaction -Reduction of nitrate -Photorespiration C = 0.1503 + 0.0496 * ln(ETR) 17 How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? What kind of relationship ?

18. Influence of physicochemical and biological parameters? What kind of relationship? In situ Logarithmic relationship C = 0.1503 + 0.0496 * ln(ETR) C = f(ETR) + a*v 1 + b*v 2 + …. 18 How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? What kind of relationship ? Physicochemical parameters? Biological parameters?

19. In situ - (0.319 * DIP) + (0.000166 * PAR) 19 C = 0.2082+0.0496 * ln(ETR) C = 0.2082+0.0496 * ln(ETR) - (0.319 * DIP) + (0.000166 * PAR) Influence of physicochemical and biological parameters? How to estimate primary production at high frequency ?

20. December 2010November 2009 Can we use high frequency ETR measurements to estimate the carbon incorporation at high resolution YES ! However, difficulties to discriminate parameters in in situ studies DIP and light = good integrator of other parameters? 20 C = 0.2082+0.0496 * ln(ETR) - (0.319 * DIP) + (0.000166 * PAR) BUT… How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Ouistreham (FR) Portsmouth (GB)

21. 21 Portsmouth (GB) Ouistreham (FR) December 2010January 2010 OuistrehamPortsmouth How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Variability of  C.e ? C.e = P (carbon incorporation) / ETR

22. 22 Portsmouth (GB) Ouistreham (FR) December 2010January 2010 How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Variability of  C.e ? OuistrehamPortsmouth C.e = P (carbon incorporation) / ETR

23. 23 Portsmouth (GB) Ouistreham (FR) December 2010January 2010 How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Variability of  C.e ? OuistrehamPortsmouth C.e = P (carbon incorporation) / ETR

24. 24 December 2010January 2010 Portsmouth (GB) Ouistreham (FR) How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Variability of  C.e ? OuistrehamPortsmouth C.e = P (carbon incorporation) / ETR

25. Small cells = high surface/volume 25 How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? Variability of  C.e ? Low DIP concentrations High C.e = 0.2082+0.0496 * ln(ETR) - (0.319 * DIP) + (0.000166 * PAR) DIP = good integrator of the effect of small cells on C.e C.e = P (carbon incorporation) / ETR

26. ETR C 26 The shape of the relationship between PAM measurements and carbon incorporation is logarithmic due to alternative electron sinks at high light. Using a multi-parametric model, we can obtain a good estimation of the carbon incorporation at a high spatio-temporal scale, coupling low frequency measurements of carbon incorporation, and high frequency measurements of ETR. The study also highlights the importance of taking into account the functional group into the estimation of  C.e and particularly the dynamics of small cells. Alternative electrons sinks Main results C ETR

27. Thank you for your attention !!

29. H+H+ H+H+ PSII PSI Carboxylase Oxygenase RUBISCO Carbohydrates NADPH + H + NADP + e-e- e-e- O 2 + H + H2OH2O ATPADP+P i ATPase STROMA LUMEN Calvin cycle 29 CO 2 How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? What kind of relationship ? Fd

30. H+H+ H+H+ PSII PSI Carboxylase Oxygenase RUBISCO NADP + e-e- e-e- O 2 + H + H2OH2O ATPADP+P i ATPase STROMA LUMEN Calvin cycle 30 CO 2 How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? What kind of relationship ? Fd Cyclic electron flow around PSI Carbohydrates NADPH + H + Cyclic electron flow around PSII

31. H+H+ H+H+ PSII PSI Carboxylase Oxygenase RUBISCO NADP + e-e- e-e- O 2 + H + H2OH2O ATPADP+P i ATPase STROMA LUMEN Calvin cycle 31 CO 2 How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? What kind of relationship ? Fd Carbohydrates NADPH + H + Mehler reaction O2-O2-O2-O2- H2O2H2O2H2O2H2O2 H2OH2OH2OH2O O2O2O2O2

32. H+H+ H+H+ PSII PSI Carboxylase Oxygenase RUBISCO NADP + e-e- e-e- O 2 + H + H2OH2O ATPADP+P i ATPase STROMA LUMEN Calvin cycle 32 CO 2 How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? What kind of relationship ? Fd Carbohydrates NADPH + H + NO - 2 NO - 3 Nitrate reductase

33. H+H+ H+H+ PSII PSI Carboxylase Oxygenase RUBISCO NADP + e-e- e-e- O 2 + H + H2OH2O ATPADP+P i ATPase STROMA LUMEN Calvin cycle 33 CO 2 How to estimate primary production at high frequency ? What kind of relationship ? Fd Carbohydrates NADPH + H + Photorespiration O2O2O2O2 CO 2