1. Psychology I – 1st per Mon, Apr 16
Please get out:
Your textbook
A writing implement
Your notes for Ch 3, Sec 2
Did you know??
“2000-Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel share the Nobel Prize for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system… Signal transduction occurs when a message from one nerve cell is transmitted to another through a chemical transmitter. It takes place at special points of contact, called synapses. Each nerve cell can have thousands of such contacts with other nerve cells. Carlsson, Greengard, and Kandel's research focuses on one type of signal transduction between nerve cells, known as slow synaptic transmission. Their discoveries have contributed to a greater understanding of the normal function of the brain as well as how disturbances in this signal transduction can give rise to neurologic and psychiatric diseases.”
(The Secret Life of the Brain: The History of the Brain)

2. Today’s Agenda Mood Disorders Ch 3, Sec 1 Neurotransmitters-finish
Depression
Ch 3, Sec 1 Neurotransmitters-finish
Ch 3, Sec 2-Parts of the Brain
To prepare for Class on Wed, Apr 18
Read Ch 3, Sec 3
Take notes in your own style or use the notes on inetteacher

3. Chapter 3 BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
The Big Idea:
The nervous system, the brain, the endocrine system, and heredity shape human thoughts and behaviors.
Essential Questions:
What are the major functions of the central nervous system?
What are the different parts of the brain, and how do they work?
Objectives
Identify and describe the functions of the nervous system.
Describe the different parts of the brain and how they work.

4. Types of Mood Disorders
Mood disorders are characterized by mood changes that are inappropriate for the situation to which they are responding.
Most people have mood changes that reflect the normal ups and downs of life, but mood changes that are inappropriate to a situation can signal a mood disorder.
Some people are prone to depression because they suffered a real or imagined loss of a loved object or person in childhood
Some believe that learned helplessness makes people prone to depression
Others believe that some people are prone to depression because of their habitual style of explaining life events
Three types: depression, bipolar disorder, and postpartum depression

5. Types of Mood Disorders: Major Depression
The DSM-IV contains a list of symptoms to help diagnose
The five or more of the symptoms are present for most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks:
Feeling sad, empty, "blue" or in the dumps
Losing interest/pleasure in your normal activities
Significant weight loss or gain (change in 5% in a month)
Sleep disturbances (too much/too little)
Feeling physically restless or slowed down
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feeling worthless/Excessive guilt
Inability to concentrate or make decisions
Suicidal thoughts/plans/attempts

6. Explaining Mood Disorders
Psychological Views
The psychoanalytic view of depression connects the past to the present.
Some people are prone to depression because they suffered a real or imagined loss of a loved object or person in childhood
Learning theorists: “learned helplessness” makes people prone.
Cognitive theorists: habitual style of explaining life events.
Attribution theory: people assign different types of explanations to events, which affect self-esteem and self-efficacy.
Beck suggests that people who are depressed have a negative view of themselves, their experiences, and their future.

7. Explaining Mood Disorders
Biological Views
Mood disorders occur more often in the close relatives of affected individuals than they do in the general population.
Two neurotransmitters in the brain—serotonin and noradrenaline—may partly explain the connection between genes and mood.

8. Explaining Mood Disorders
Biological and Psychological Factors
A combination of factors is most likely at work.

9. Treatment of Mood Disorders
Therapy
AND/OR
Medications:
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors(SNRIs)
Noradrenergic and Specific Serotonin Antidepressants (NaSSAs)
Older tricyclic antidepressants (not going into detail on this one)
Dopaminergic
Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) (not going into detail on this one)

10. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Popular SSRIs: Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa, Paxil, Lexapro, Luvox
Used to treat anxiety, mood, stress, and panic disorders
How they work: SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin to the presynaptic neuron thereby increasing the amount of serotonin in the synapse, hence allowing more time for the serotonin to bind to the postsynaptic neuron and cause that neuron to fire
Most Common Side Effects: vertigo, dizziness, insommnia, anorexia, anxiety, vomiting, and sexual dysfunction
Introducted in the mid-1980’s
NPR Article about Depression and Serotonin
(Carlson, & Freudenrich)

11. Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors(SNRIs)
Popular SNRIs: Effexor, Cymbalta, Pristiq
Used to treat: depression, anxiety, social anxiety disorder, panic attacks
How they work: Block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin by binding to the presynaptic neuron the transporters of these neurotransmitters
Most Common Side Effects: dry mouth, nausea, dizziness, sleepiness, insomnia, increased blood pressure, constipation, sexual dysfunction, excessive sweating, increased heart rate, difficulty urinating, heart palpitation, tremors, headache, changes in appetite, agitation or anxiety, abnormal vision, muscle weakness
Introduced in the mid-1990s
(Freudenrich & Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs))

12. Noradrenergic and Specific Serotonin Antidepressants (NaSSAs)
Popular NaSSAs: Remeron, Desyrel, Serzone, Bolvidion
Used to treat: depression
How they work: NaSSAs block negative feedback effects on serotonin and norepinephrine secretion by the presynaptic neuron. This increases the number of these neurotransmitters in the synpatic cleft. NaSSAs also block some serotonin receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, which increases serotonin neurotransmisson.
Most common side effects: Dry mouth, drowsiness, weight gain, increased appetite
Some Introduced in the mid-1980s, others more recently
(Freudenrich)

13. Dopaminergic:Wellbutrin
Used to treat:
Depression
SAD
Stop smoking
Wellbutrin inhibits the reuptake of Norepinephrine and Dopamine
&

14. Neurotransmitters-Application
Endorphins are neurotransmitters that naturally reduce pain and boost mood.
Flooding the brain with painkillers, antidepressants, or other drugs may cause the brain to stop producing endorphins.
When such drug(s) is discontinued, a person may experience a period of discomfort (aka withdrawl)—ranging from mild to agonizing—until the brain resumes production of endorphins.
What are other possible ramifications of taking antidepressants or painkillers?
Do you believe the benefits outweigh the potential harm?

15. Ch 3, Sec 2: The Brain-Our Control Center
The brain is composed of three major sections: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain.
The human brain has many parts that work together to coordinate body movement, create thought and emotions, and shape behaviors.
The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that controls thinking, memory, language, emotions, complex motor functions, perceptions, and much more.

16. Early Beliefs About the Brain
In ancient times, people did not attribute human psychological processes such as thinking to the working of the brain.
Instead, people widely believed that the body was inhabited by souls or demons.
Ancient Egyptians believed that a little person dwelled within the skull and regulated behavior.
Where did Aristotle believe the soul resided?
How might the love songs and poetry of past centuries have been different had ancient peoples had a better understanding of human psychological processes?
Today we recognize that the mind, or consciousness, dwells within the brain.

17. Biology & Behavior Multimedia
Brain Function
Visual of the Major Structures of the Brain
3-D Brain Anatomy

18. Reticular Activating System
What is it?
What is it’s function?
How is it related to arousal and sleep?
What types of noises wake you up during the night?
How do you usually respond to these noises?
Why do certain noises wake some of the students while other students are unaffected by those same noises?

19. Parts of the Brain
Under what circumstances might a honking car not wake a person who is sleeping?
How might an injured cerebellum affect a person?
What does the thalamus do?
What can you infer about a person who sustained a head injury and now exhibits unusual eating and drinking behaviors?

20. Parts of the Brain
Do you believe that scientists can gain useful insights about human behavior by studying the hypothalamus in animals? Why or why not?
What is the limbic system involved with?
What does cerebrum mean in Latin?
Which part of the brain do people generally think of when talking about the brain? Why do you think this is so?

22. The Cerebral Cortex
Which lobe is the primary visual area of the cerebral cortex?
How is the brain similar to a walnut?
What could be called the brain’s executive center?
A chess player would typically be described as emphasizing which side of her brain?
An artist would typically be descried as emphasizing which side of his brain?

23. Left brain vs. Right brain??
Think of friends, relatives, or acquaintances whom you would categorize as either logical or creative…
Do you think an individual who has many abilities in one of those areas is lacking in abilities in the other area?
Why or why not?
Is one hemisphere of the brain entirely responsible for controlling creativity or logic?

24. Works Cited
Carlson, Neil R. (1999). Foundations of Physiological Psychology, 4th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Chudler, Eric H. (2010). Neuroscience For Kids. Retrieved from: Freudenrich, Ph.D., Craig. "How Antidepressants Work" 20 September HowStuffWorks.com. < 15 April Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs). (2012). Retrived from: 15 April The Secret Life of the Brain: History of the Brain. (2001). Retrieved from: 16 April 2012.