1. Precision Farming in the South East NESPAL & UGA BIO & AG ENGINEERING

2. What is Precision Farming ? n A management strategy which identifies, analyses and manages within field variability for increased profit and reduced environmental impact n farming by the foot, farming by satellite, site specific management, prescription farming……...

4. Technologies behind PF n Global Positioning System (GPS) n Yield Monitoring n Variable Rate Technology (VRT) n Remote sensing n Geographic Information system (GIS)

5. GPS - What is it ? n Navigation device which lets you pinpoint your location on the earths surface n accurate to within a tennis court (SA off)

6. n 24 orbiting satellites emitting radio signals n Messages picked up by GPS receiver GPS - How does it Work ?

7. Differential Correction n Correcting your normal GPS to give you accuracies down to below 1 meter (about 3 feet) n Achieved by using a stationary base station GPS or subscription to commercial satellite broadcast service

8. Satellite Base Station Receiver

9. What is yield monitoring ? n Sensors mounted on the combine measuring yield as the crop is harvested n Coupled with a GPS logging location, data can be mapped

10. Grain Crops n Corn, Wheat, Canola, Soybean GPS Computer display

11. Peanut

12. PYMS Components 5k load cells Omnistar DGPS antenna palmtop computer swath width indicator junction box

13. Cotton Emitters

14. Two Ways to a Profit Map aerial photo 08 July 1998 yield map October 1998 profit map classified image

15. What does a yield map tell you ? n “Report card” for field n Quantifies variability within a field n directs sampling to explain yield differences

16. Corn 1995 Soybean 1995 Peanut 1997

17. Variable Rate Technology n Refers to any equipment designed to allow the rate of farm inputs to be precisely controlled and varied while the machine is in operation

18. VRT - Sensor Based System n Real time sensing and control n Bowman Scan Ray

19. VRT Fertilizer spreader Computer display Application map

20. Variable rate system Application Map Sprayer/Spreader/ Planter ControllerGPS On-the-go sensing Sprayer/Spreader Controller As Applied Map As Applied Map

21. What is Remote Sensing n Using satellite and aerial photography to see the “big picture” n highlights variability within a field

22. Color film imageInfrared image n Images may be made from color or infrared film

23. Ground control point GPS antenna Data logger Ground Control Points n Ground control points are the longitude and latitude of a specific target n These target locations are later used to georeference an image

24. What is georeferencing ? n matching a specific longitude and latitude to a targeted location n There are usually many targets within a field

25. What is the advantage to georeferencing ? n Georeferencing allows the image to be used as a map within the field n a scout may go out to a field with a GPS and navagate to problem areas in the photo Weed patches

26. GPS Terms n S/A – Selective Availability n Receiver n Differential Correction n Lat/Lon and UTM n Landmarks/Waypoints n Coast Guard Beacon n WAAS (Wide-Area Augmented System)

27. Specific uses for GPS n Differential (1 m accuracy) –Yield Monitoring –Variable Rate Applications –Field Scouting n Non-Differential (Handheld) –Dependent on accuracy n Dependent on receiver, clear view of satellites, atmospheric disturbances) –Field Scouting

28. Handheld GPS n Initialization n Navigation Screens n Storing Landmarks n Routing –GOTO –Tracking –Multi-Leg Route

29. Initialization n Let’s Receiver know where it is n Input time and date data n Must be re-initialized if receiver has travelled more than xx miles from home, while off –XX - 300 miles for Magellan 315 –XX- 500 miles for Garmin GPS III Plus n Set-up

30. Landmarks/Waypoints n Position stored in memory n Usually input by pressing “Mark” button –Can be renamed, comments and messages –Takes time because without keyboard, spelling words takes a while n Can mark position of: –Home, campsites, tree stands, fishing holes –Field positions known to have recurrent insect, disease or nutrient problems.

31. Routing n GOTO –Usually have a GOTO button –Select waypoint/landmark and receiver begins providing distance and bearing to landmark n Tracking –Turn tracking on (always on with Garmin GPS III) –Store tracking into a route, can then backtrack to first spot, following trail used to get there n Multi-Leg Routes –Put waypoints in route and receiver will navigate to each point in order

32. Routing n Informational screens, navigation screens, pages n Magellan has up to 9 screens and Garmin has up to 6 pages n Each page provides information on position and/or distance and direction to a waypoint/landmark

33. Routing n Status Screen (page) –Shows number of satellites tracked and their position in the sky 12 18 22 1 45° Horizon You EPE – Estimated position Error DOP – Degree of Precision Require 3 satellites for 2-D position and 4 satellites if 3-D (include altitude) Ephemeris – position and speed of satellites N

34. Routing n Compass screen (page) –Shows number of satellites tracked and their position in the sky Heading – Direction of Travel Bearing – Direction should be going if navigating to a position E W N N

35. Routing n Position Screen (page) –Lat/Lon or UTM position –Time –Speed –Distance traveled –Access to secondary coordinate

36. GPS Scenarios for USE n Finding field areas of interest –History of disease, low soil fertility, insect pressure –Mark area and give location a name.

37. Routing n Navigation screen(s) –Basically same as compass screen –BRG – Bearing to spot you want to got to –HDG – Direction you are traveling –SPD, XTE, DST n Plot screen (map page) –From Plot screen, it is easy to see landmarks already stored, tracks if tracking history is on, distance to landmarks –Zoom in and out with arrow right and left key (page in and out)

38. Blackshear

39. Blackshear