1. The Chinese Procuratorates and A Network for Spatial Study of Crime Shanhe Jiang, Ph.D. Professor of Criminal Justice University of Toledo Shanhe.jiang@utoledo.edu 419-530-4329 Visiting professor University of Michigan jiangsha@umich.edu Prepared for the presentation at the University of Michigan April 10, 2012

2. Two Parts of the Presentation I. The Founding and Development of Chinese Criminal Justice Organs: A Focus on Procuratorates II. Building A Global Network for Spatial Study of Crime and Society

3. Part I The founding and development of the Chinese procuratorate  Reviews political and societal backgrounds ;  Briefly explain the focus of this presentation;  Discuss the impact of political and societal changes on the founding and development of the procuratorate;  Introduce Economic Census 2004;  Explores the founding pattern of the procuratorate based the 2004 Economic Census;  Examines the correlates of the procuratorial development.

4. Part I. Background

5. Background: cont. 2. Criminal justice system in China: four components  court system  procuratorate system  public security system  correction system  all CJ organs are centralized

6. Background: cont. 3. Major political changes in PR China  1949: the establishment of PR China  1957-1958: the Anti-Rightist Campaign  1966-1976: the Cultural Revolution  1978: the third plenary session of the 11 th Central Committee of Communist Party of China (CPC) was held, economic reform started

7. Focus: Founding and Development of the Procuratorate Reasons for the focus. 1). The procuratorate is a very important CJ organ in China. – is an independent component; – is a governmental organ; – along with the court system, ranks higher than other two criminal justice components – the public security and the corrections in terms of administrative level – has important responsibilities: to supervise the enforcement of laws including civil cases; to make public prosecution on behalf of the State; to investigate criminal cases directly accepted by the People’s Procuratorates as provided by law; other functions and duties as provided by law. See slides below

8. investigation prosecution Anti- corru ption Supervision of prisons Supervision of civic cases Supervision of criminal cases Supervision of death penalty Promotion of law and policies Divisions of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate

9. Informant center Sue centerAppeals Complaint center Compansation Consultation center Inquiry center Provincial procuratorate

10. Reasons for the Focus: cont. 2). The Chinese CJ system including procuracy increases its importance in the world as China’s overall influence grows. Correspondingly, there is an increasing interest in the procuratorate among scholars, businessmen and professionals. 3). There is a lack of quantities research on the founding pattern of the procuratorate and its development. 4). The nature of the data from a census and feature of the procuratorate make the quantitative research possible. A. The 2004 Economic Census collected the information of the starting year of each procuratorate; B. Since the procuratorate is a government organ, it continues to exist once it is established or re-established in 1978; C. A and B  cumulative frequency of the procuratorate (development of the procuratorate)

11. The Impact of Political and Societal Background on the Procuracy 1). 1949: the establishment of PR China: all the law from the old regime was repealed and all the legal organs from the old regime were dissolved  rapidly set up the Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security, and the Ministry of Justice in 1949; local governments followed;

12. Impact: cont. 2). 1957-1958: the Anti-Rightist Campaign: Starting in the second half year of 1957, law and CJ organs were seriously criticized  stagnant or declined; 3). 1966-1976: the Cultural Revolution – lawless stage: People’s Liberation Army gradually controlled courts, procuratorates and public security organs and made them existed in name only. In 1969 China formally eliminated procuratorial organs at all levels; the 1975 Constitution declared that procuratorial organs of authority are exercised by the public security organs at all levels.

13. Impact: cont. 4). 1978 - present: the third plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of CPC was held in 1978, economic reform started. Rule by law is stressed; the CJ organs eliminated during the Cultural Revolution were resumed, reestablished and many more new procuratorates were established.

14. Expectations on the Founding and Development of the Procuratorate 1949 and a few year after that: rapidly established; 1957 to 1977: stagnant or existed only in name 1978 – now: rapidly resumed and more establishments For the last period of time (1978-2012): given stable political environment, factors such as population, economic level and crime rate are expected to affect the founding and development

15. Economic Census 2004 1. Organized and sponsored by China’s State Council; 2. National Bureau of Statistics of China designed and conducted the survey; 3. Lasted about two years (2005 to 2006); 4. Hired more than 3 million census workers, along with more than 10 million statistical or financial staff from the surveyed units; 5. Collect information especially economic information in 2004 (or upon to 2004) from more than 5 million corporate bodies and approximately 7 million establishments, including public management and social organizations; 6. The census workers were selected on the basis of the education and the past survey experience and then trained and tested for the survey certificate and were also supervised by the survey instructors during the survey; 7. The data collected from the census are confidential; 8. Pretests and post-census check.

16. The Founding of the Procuratorate 1949-2004: Quantiative Results

17. 1949-1956 1957-1977 1978-2004 frequency

18. The development of the procuratorate: 1978-2004

19. 1081 627 procuratorate

20. 3770 procuratorate

25. Further Research 1.Multiple regression based on time series data 2.Check the impact of regions on the emergence and development of the procuratorate: see the next slide

26. Frequency Distribution of the Procuratorate

27. Comparison: Bejing, Guangdong, Congqing Helongjiang, Zhejiang,

29. Similarities and Differences across Regions Similarities: most established in 1978-1979 Differences: – Different frequency distribution (see map) – Beijing established earlier (1950, higher % before 1955); Guangzhou started later (1954); Zhejiang ended earlier (1993)

30. Further Research: cont. 3. Extend the existing study to other CJ organs 4. Further literature review

31. Part II. Building A Global Network for Spatial Study of Crime and Society

32. 1. Build A Website for Information Sharing

33. 2. Establish Spatial Explorer for Data Export, Analysis & Presentation

34. Data Export or Reproduction Produce unlimited data from limited data based on administrative units, establishments, time, and space

35. Selection by Administrative Units 行政区选择 Select by administrative units Select by map

36. Multiple Outputs 多种报告输出

37. Selection and Output by Establishments

38. Selection Based on Time

39. Selection by Locations 按空间位置选择 Select by X & Y coordinates Select by locations on map

40. Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis 空间统计分析

41. Gravity Model for Space-time Data

42. Output ： GIS Maps

43. 3. Crime Data Source 1: Yearbooks: National, Provincial and Local Statistical Database: Monthly Statistics National Statistics Provincial Statistics City Statistics County Statistics Monthly Industrial Data Yearly Industrial Data Statistics on Map Statistical Yearbooks Census Database: Population Census 1982 Population Census 1990 Population Survey 1995, 2005 Province Census 2000 County Census 2000 Economic Census 2004

44. Crime Data Source 2: Census (i.e. Economic Census 2004)

45. Crime Data Source 3: Surveys Integration with surveys ： An example Integration with surveys ： An example China Survey in 2006: 28 provinces and 124 counties 中国社会调查： 28 省、市， 124 县

46. 1 ． Map of China 2 ． Map of 124 counties 3 ． Map of crime in 124 counties

47. Crime Data Source 4: Data from Collaborators 1). From Shanghai University: Organized crime 2). From Control China Normal University: Formal and informal crime control 3). From Shanghai Law and Politics College: Community corrections 4). From Zhongnan University of Finance, Economics and Law: Crime and criminal justice system 5). From other data sharing Note: Some data are qualitative including relevant literature

48. 4. Spatial Criminology: Some Possible Research Topics -Spatial theory in crime and criminal justice system: routine activities theory, social disorganization theory -Spatial analysis of crime and criminal justice system -Identifying the spatial patterns of crime distribution and CJ organs distribution -Spatial modeling for the complex system -Identifying interactions among different types of crime and CJ organs -Identifying correlations between crime, CJ organs, religion, population, economy, and culture at different times and different regions -Location analysis of CJ organs -Local functions of CJ service -Spatial range of CJ service -Spatial policies of CJ administrative management and crime control -The internal governance of CJ organs -The local governance of CJ organs - Policing and crime hot spots

49. Questions and discussion

50. I am grateful to Dr. Bao for inviting me for this presentation and giving the access to the data at the China Data Center as well as some of his slides. Thank you!