1. www.cengage.com/cj/white Jonathan R. White Rosemary Arway Hodges University

2.  Defining globalization  Connecting globalization to modernity and major social change  Examining social movements: what they are and how they are global  Exploring what social forces lead to increased globalization 2

3.  Globalization is the process through which the world is increasingly connected and interdependent. At level of individuals, groups, organizations, states, and so on This process is largely associated with economic and political change.  In the modern period, globalization has accelerated rapidly. 3

4.  Responding to environmental factors  Emergence of the political state  New communication technologies  Religious pluralism and the need for tolerance  Expansion of industrial capitalism 4

5.  Postindustrial society: Knowledge and service become the primary products.  Postmodernity: A rupture with core understandings of history and belief—no central narratives, only diversity 5

6.  Collective action is a factor in social change.  Many movements today—including the anti-globalization movement—are global in scope.  We now have new social movements, which are less goal oriented and more identity oriented. 6

7.  Economic deprivation  Resource mobilization  Structural strain  Fields of action 7

8.  Use of Internet for organization and fundraising  Speeds up the process with instant information and response.  Allows for fast coordination of events like rallies, protests, and so on.  Could indicate a shift in power 8

9.  Economic factors Transnational corporations Integrated financial markets  Global flow of information and communication 9

10.  Political changes Fall of communist regimes Rise of IGOs and INGOs Rising importance of international coalitions (the European Union, United Nations, etc.) 10

11. 1. IKEA furniture______________ 2. Wii games______________ 3. H&M fashions______________ 4. L’Oreal shampoos or beauty products ______________ 5. Samsung cell phone or PDA______________ 6. Molson beer______________ 7. Birkenstock sandals ______________ 8. Diesel jeans ______________ 9. Apple iPhone______________ 10. American Express credit card ______________ 11

12. 1. IKEA: founded in Sweden, now owned by a Dutch foundation 2. Wii: MNC in Kyoto, Japan 3. H&M: Swedish company 4. L’Oreal: Paris suburb 5. Samsung cell or PDA: Seoul, South Korea 6. Molson beer: Montreal, Canada 12

13. 7. Birkenstocks: Germany 8. Diesel jeans: Molvena, Italy 9. Apple iPhone: established in California, parts from China 10. American Express: New York City 13

14.  There are three main positions: Skeptics Hyperglobalizers Transformationalists 14

15.  Increasing need to construct our identities  Significant shifts in work and family life  Ubiquity of Western—especially American—popular culture 15

16.  Manufactured risk versus external risk  Potentially devastating consequences Urbanization and industrialization Pollution Global warming Nuclear power Bioengineered food 16

17.  Wealth concentrated in the developed world Poorest 40 percent of global population—5 percent of global income Richest 10 percent—54 percent of global income  Global markets have exacerbated this problem: The gap between rich and poor is growing. 17

18. 18 Between Richer and Poor Countries, 1800 – 2008 GOP PER CAPITA* USA GERMANY JAPAN REPUBLIC OF KOREA BRAZIL SOUTH AFRICA EGYPT CHINA PAKISTAN DEM. REP. OF CONGO 2008 1980 1950 1900 1800 2008 $1,343 $1,643 $896 $740 $509 $759 $748 $992 $665 $394 $42,922 $32,637 $31,824 $23,845 $9,633 $9,630 $5,678 $5,520 $2,671 $370 SOURCE: Gapminder.com 2009 Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company * 2008 U.S. $ Note: GDP for South Africa from 1911; 1900 data not available The Widening Gap

19. 19 Between Richer and Poor Countries, 1800 – 2008 MEDIAN GOP PER CAPITA* $40K Low Income Countries SOURCE: Gapminder.com 2009 Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company $20K $0K 1850190019502000 Medium Income Countries High Income Countries The Widening Gap

20.  Many INGOs believe free trade will reduce global inequality  Critics argue that a global justice movement that pushes for trade organized around protecting rights and resources is needed. 20

21.  All sociologists would agree that “society” is not a monolithic arrangement- it has parts.  Society can be divided among: Interdependent institutions Genders Various groups and networks … and many, many other elements.  The “Conflict Approaches” in sociology see society as comprising inequality and conflict among its elements.

22.  “Stratification” refers to a system of inequality. Society is stratified.  Five principles: It’s social, not “natural.” It’s persistent, even as societies change. It’s omnipresent in nearly all social settings, even in socialist systems. It’s supported by ideology. It’s micro- as well as a macro-level.

23.  Ascription vs Achievement: Both are at work in social stratification.  Caste: A purely ascription-based system.  Class: A combination of ascription and achievement.  Meritocracy: A purely achievement- based system.

24.  Sellin and others look to culture as the stratifying principle. Culture=a social group’s beliefs, values, ways of adapting to their natural environment, etc. Cultural conflict occurs through immigration, changes in borders, etc. Dominant cultural groups “win” in conflict by assimilating the less-powerful group or treating it as deviant.

25.  Developed by Weber and his heirs (eg Dahrendorf)  Society consists of various interest groups that vary in power.  These interests groups are defined by: Financial situation (CLASS- and there are many classes according to Weber) Prestige (STATUS) Political position (PARTY)  “Power” can entail any of these dimensions and for some people all three of them.

26.  Pejorative Connotation Negative and derogatory Political and social degradation when labeled a terrorist ▪ Particular individuals and/or groups are demonized Dual standards and contradictions lead to confusion any time the term terrorism is employed.

27.  Alex Schmid: Terrorism is a social construct, which means it is : ▪ defined by people from different social backgrounds. ▪ developed through the application of political power. ▪ its definition changes within social and historical contexts. Social construct: Vacillating social and political realities influence definition.  FBI views Hezbollah as a terrorist group.  Organization of Islamic Conferences views Hezbollah as a legitimate revolutionary force.

28.  Official FBI definition of terrorism separates domestic and international terrorism. Domestic terrorism refers to activities that involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal law of the U.S. or any state; appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian populace, influence policy of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S. International terrorism involves violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the U.S. or any state, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the U.S. or any state.

29.  Definition of terrorism is influenced by history. 1789 – 1795 French Revolution ▪ Term terrorism used to describe actions of the French government. Late 1800s – Early 1900s  Terrorism used to describe violent activities of various groups:  Labor organizations, nationalist groups revolting against foreign powers

30. Mid-1960s – Early 1980s  Terrorism applied to nationalists and violent left-wing groups (hate movement). Present day  Terrorism encompasses such groups as violent religious fanatics; groups who terrorize for a particular cause.  Environmental groups  Narco-terrorism  Ecological groups

31.  Meaning of terrorism fluctuates around various types of war. Commando tactics Guerrilla warfare  Term terrorism is used to describe violent activity that explodes during a peaceful period. Insurrection in Iraq after 2003 U.S. invasion

32.  Governments can increase their power when they label opponents as terrorists. More public acceptance of governmental power Beccaria proposed that when a state becomes an executioner it does not act in self-defense but simply in revenge.  Terrorists are not deserving of humanitarian privileges. Labeling can have dire results: ▪ Illegal arrests ▪ Lack of constitutional protection (Guantanamo Bay, Abu Ghraib)

33.  Related to the issue of power is repression.  Routinely used by some governments to keep citizens in line Secret police ▪ Joseph Stalin’s USSR ▪ Saddam Hussein’s Iraq ▪ Latin America  Repression developed outside formal political structures is called extra-juridical repression. Repressive groups who use terrorism as a means of creating conforming behavior

34.  The definition of terrorism is also influenced by: Media ▪ Attracts attention ▪ Term terrorism is used to define political violence ▪ Uses multiple definitions to engage public debate Crime ▪ Criminal act versus act of terrorism ▪ Terrorism always involves some king of criminal activity Religion

35. Specific types of terrorism: ▪ Violent eschatology ▪ Religious purification ▪ Martyrdom ▪ Religion as a cause Specific types of terrorism:  Technological terrorism, cyber-terrorism, narco- terrorism, eco-terrorism, nuclear terrorism, agri- terrorism

36.  The range of definitions include: Laqueur’s Simple definition: ▪ Use of force to achieve political objective; targets innocent people. Legal Definition: ▪ Internal contradiction and short-sided, designed to give to the government power to take an action against specific crimes. Schmid’s Academic Consensus Definition: ▪ Terrorism should be viewed as a method of combat in which the victims serve as symbolic targets. Badey’s definition: ▪ Importance of examination of terrorists: ▪ Internal – by terrorist themselves (do they work with or against state) ▪ External – by the governments (intent, motivation, chances of repetition)

37.  Strengths: Broad scope of problem presented. ▪ Terrorism is not defined as a single action; rather, terrorism can be considered a composition of a variety of actions. Aids in identification of the kind of terrorism to be examined. ▪ Local, national, international Provides for the level of the problem to be identified. ▪ This in turn allows for the determination of the level of response. Use of typologies avoids debates on the meaning of terrorism.

38.  Weaknesses: Typologies do not solve definitional dilemmas. The typologies and definition change because terrorism is in a constant state of change. Typologies describe patterns, not specifics.  Each terrorist incident must be viewed and understood individually in its special social, historical, and political circumstances. Distorts reality ▪ Alter terrorist act to blend with a particular typology.

39.  Humans live in constant state of conflict.  Spectrum of conflict Conflicts can range from low-level conflicts to nuclear devastation. Terrorism is a form of civil disobedience.  Tactical typology The level of activity is correlated with the size of the group. Terrorism is primarily a problem for law enforcement and the justice system. Terrorists have acted outside the law.

40.  War declared on a concept such as the “war on terrorism” is not possible under the U.S. Constitution.  President G. W. Bush: America and its allies are at war with terrorism.  President B. Obama: Terrorism is a criminal justice problem and military force is used to augment legal power.  The U.S. Government: The weapons that America will use in the war on terror would be the Homeland Security Act of 2002 and the USA Patriot Act of 2001.

41.  Arguments accepting the “war on terrorism” include: Friedman: ▪ War on terror is the third great struggle against totalitarianism. Blank: ▪ Terrorism is caused by radical groups driven by economic, social and political pressures. Cohen and Hill: ▪ There is a necessity to identify militant groups and to present military power in the face of these groups.

42. Arguments that do not accept the war on terrorism: – Howard: ▪ Terrorism is an emergency situation that should be handled by law enforcement and intelligence. – Duffy: ▪ A militaristic framework of the war on terrorism marginalizes the rule of law. – Ringmar: ▪ Engaging in a war against terror may dehumanize the opposing side.

43.  The primary job of law enforcement in preventing terrorism is to stop criminal activity within criminal networks.  Terrorists target the societal structures, not the military forces.  Law enforcement responsibility: Maintaining public safety Collecting criminal intelligence Sharing information in a legal manner

44.  Carl von Clausewitz’s theory of war: War requires mobilization of the population and imposes political will on the defeated.  Sun Tzu’s theory of war: The highest form of military leadership comes in breaking the enemy’s resistance without fighting. The purpose of terrorism is to give the immersion that powerful economic, military and political forces cannot protect ordinary people.

45.  Pearl Harbor: attack attempted to destroy a military force  9/11 attacks: designed for drama  9/11 attacks: tragedy performed on the sub-national level  9/11 attacks: terrorist “success” was assured by God’s promise

46.  David Bell’s timeline: 17 th and 18 th century: ▪ Political wars sought to maintain the political system The French Revolution: ▪ Total war Today: ▪ Technological advances make the destruction of the planet in total war a possibility, while at the same time making terrorism possible.

47.  Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Technological advance took the war on the next level, making the destruction and total war (terrorism) the reality.  Can Hiroshima and Nagasaki be considered: a war crime or act of the terrorism? an attack on the city or nation? a politically explained act? an absolutely necessary act? the day of America’s infamy?

48.  Terrorism expert Walter Laqueur has counted over 100 definitions and concludes that: “the only general characteristic generally agreed upon is that terrorism involves violence and the threat of violence. Yet terrorism is hardly the only enterprise involving violence and the threat of violence. So does war, coercive diplomacy, and bar room brawls.” (Laqueur, W. (1999). The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 6.)  In 2005, Secretary General of United Nations, Kofi Annan presented “terrorism proposal” hoping that other countries will finally agree on the definition of terrorism.

49. Terrorism Evolves In the half-century after the World War Two, terrorism broadened well beyond assassination of political leaders and heads of state In some European colonies, terrorist movements developed, often with two distinct purposes. 1: to put pressure on the colonial powers (such as Britain, France, and the Netherlands) to hasten their withdrawal. 2: to intimidate the indigenous population into supporting a particular group's claims to leadership of the emerging post-colonial state. India's achievement of independence in 1947 was mainly the result, not of terrorism, but of the movement of non-violent civil disobedience led by Gandhi In Malaya, communist terrorists launched a major campaign in 1948, but they failed due to a mixture of determined British military opposition and a programme of political reform leading to independence

50. Civilians as Targets Terrorism did not end after the winding-up of the main European overseas empires in the 1950s and 1960s. It continued in many regions. In South-East Asia, Middle East and Latin America there were killings of policemen and local officials, hostage-takings, hijackings of aircraft, and bombings of buildings In many actions, civilians became targets. In some cases governments became involved in supporting terrorism, almost invariably at arm's length so as to be deniable. The causes espoused by terrorists encompassed not just revolutionary socialism and nationalism, but also in a few cases religious doctrines. Law, even the modest body of rules setting some limits in armed conflict between states, could be ignored in a higher cause.

51. Civilians as Targets How did certain terrorist movements come to be associated with indiscriminate killings? September 1970 - Palestinian terrorists hijacked several large aircraft and blew them up on the ground in Jordan but let the passengers free Viewed by many with as much fascination as horror September 1972, 11 Israelis were murdered in a Palestinian attack on Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games at Munich This event showed a determination to kill: the revulsion felt in many countries was stronger than two years earlier

52. Justification A justification offered by the perpetrators of these and many subsequent terrorist actions in the Middle East was that the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza (which had begun in 1967) was an exercise of violence against which counter-violence was legitimate. The same was said in connection with the suicide bombings by which Palestinians attacked Israel in 2001-2002. In some of the suicide bombings there was a new element which had not been evident in the Palestinian terrorism of 2 or 3 decades earlier: Islamic religious extremism.

53. Beyond the State In the 1990s, a new face of terrorism emerged. Osama Bin Laden, son of a successful construction engineer became leader of a small fanatical Islamic movement Al-Qaida Its public statements were an odd mixture of religious extremism, contempt for existing Arab regimes, hostility to US dominance, and insensitivity to the effects of terrorist actions Many of its leaders, having helped to free Afghanistan of Soviet occupation in the 1980s, now developed the broader ambition of resisting western dominance, especially in Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt In pursuit of these ambitions they killed hundreds in bombings of US embassies in Africa in August 1998

54. New Kind of Terrorism Here was a new kind of movement that had a cause a network, that was not confined to any one state whose adherents were willing to commit suicide if they could thereby inflict carnage and destruction on their adversaries Since their aims were vague and apocalyptic, there was little scope for any kind of compromise or negotiation

55. United Nations Main emphasis at the UN was on limited practical measures Series of 12 international conventions between 1963 and 1999, particular terrorist actions, such as aircraft hijacking and diplomatic hostage-taking, were prohibited As the 1990s progressed, and concern about terrorism increased, the UN General Assembly embarked on discussions about defining and outlawing terrorism generally. Its Legal Committee issued a rough draft of a convention, which: Reiterates that criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstances unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or other nature that may be used to justify them.

56. Terrorist Groups In the past there have been strong disagreements about whether certain movements were or were not terrorist: e.g. Jewish extremist group Irgun in Palestine in the 1940s Viet Cong in South Vietnam from the late 1950s to the mid- 1970s Provisional IRA in Northern Ireland from the late 1960s onwards Famously, in 1987-88 the UK and US governments labelled the African National Congress of South Africa 'terrorist': a questionable attribution even at the time not because there had been no violence, but because the ANC's use of violence had been discriminate and had constituted only a small part of the ANC's overall strategy.

57. International Revulsion The new face of terrorism as mass murder is significantly changing such debates The extremism of the September 11 attacks has led to a strong international reaction. As a result, none of the 189 member states of the UN opposed the USA's right to take military action in Afghanistan after the events of September 11, and none has offered explicit support for Al-Qaida By engaging in crimes against humanity, the new face of terrorism may have contributed to its own eventual demise.

58. Dr. Theodore John Kaczynski 16 bombs 1978 - 1995 3 killed 23 injured Freedom Club

59. Dr. Theodore John Kaczynski

60. Richard Reid Attempted bombing on AA 63 22 Dec 2001 Shoe bomber

61. Beltway Sniper Attacks Oct 2002 John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo Washington DC snipers in blue Chevrolet Caprice Demanded 1 Million USD to fund Islamic Training Camps 10 killed 3 critically injured

63. Terrorism as Routine News

64. False Flag Terrorism Nero burned Rome to blame the Christians A.D. 64 US provoked Mexican-American war 1846 USS Maine sinking 1898 Lusitania sinking 1915 Reichstag fire 1933 Hitler’s staged attack on the Gleiwitz radio station 1939 The “surprise attack” at Pearl Harbor 1941 Bay of Pigs conspiracy 1961

65. Terrorism 2000 Al-Qaeda terrorist network carried out two separate attacks against the United States in 2000 and 2001. a suicide bombing of the U.S. naval destroyer USS Cole in the Yemenese port of Aden on October 12, 2000, claimed the lives of 17 U.S. sailors. a coordinated suicide attack using four hijacked U.S. commercial aircraft as missiles on September 11, 2001, resulted in the deaths of 2,783 innocent people. The September 11 attacks represent the most deadly and destructive terrorist attack in history and claimed more lives than all previous acts of terrorism in the United States combined. The attack of September 11 represented the first successful act of international terrorism carried out in the United States since the bombing of the World Trade Centre in February 1993.

66. Eco Terrorism Bilateral term Anarcho Primitivism Green Anarchism Radical Environmentalism

67. Consumer Terrorism Lone wolf operations Monetary motives Disgruntled employees / ex-employees

68. Incidents Vs. Preventions

69. Political Motivation

71. Anthrax Postal Campaign

72. Black Panthers 10 point programme We want power to determine the destiny of our black and oppressed communities' education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present day society. We want completely free health care for all black and oppressed people. We want an immediate end to police brutality and murder of black people, other people of colour, and all oppressed people inside the United States. We want an immediate end to all wars of aggression. We want full employment for our people. We want an end to the robbery by the capitalists of our Black Community. We want decent housing, fit for the shelter of human beings. We want decent education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want freedom for all black and oppressed people now held in U. S. Federal, state, county, city and military prisons and jails. We want trials by a jury of peers for all persons charged with so-called crimes under the laws of this country. We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice, peace and people's community control of modern technology FBI J Edgar Hoover “the greatest threat to the internal security of the country,”

73. Oklahoma City Bomber – Hard Line Justice

74. White Supremacists

75. Pro-Life Extremists

76. Terrorist Activity by Target

77. Restriction of Freedom and Civil Liberties

78.  The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, known as the USA PATRIOT Act or simply the Patriot Act, is legislation of the US-Congress which was signed by President George W. Bush into law on October 26, 2001.  The Act was passed 45 days after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City.

79.  It substantially expanded the authority of U.S. law enforcement agencies for the stated purpose of fighting terrorism in the United States and abroad.  The Act increased the ability of law enforcement agencies to search telephone and e-mail communications and medical, financial and other records; eased restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; expanded the Secretary of the Treasury’s authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and enhanced the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts.  The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include "domestic terrorism," thus enlarging the number of activities to which the Patriot Act’s expanded law enforcement powers can be applied.

80.  The USA PATRIOT Act has ten titles, each containing numerous sections.  Title II: Enhanced Surveillance Procedures granted increased powers of surveillance to various government agencies and bodies.  This title has 25 sections, with one of the sections (section 224) containing a sunset clause which sets an expiration date, 31 December 2005, for most of the title's provisions.  In July 2005, the U.S. Senate passed a reauthorization bill with substantial changes to several sections of the act, while the House reauthorization bill kept most of the act's original language.  The two bills were then reconciled in a conference committee that was criticized by Senators from both parties for ignoring civil liberty concerns.  The bill, which removed most of the changes from the Senate version, passed Congress on March 2, 2006 and was signed into law by President Bush on March 9, 2006.

81.  Title VIII alters the definitions of terrorism, and establishes or re-defines rules.  It redefined the term "domestic terrorism" to broadly include mass destruction as well as assassination or kidnapping as a terrorist activity.  The definition also encompasses activities that are "dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State" and are intended to "intimidate or coerce a civilian population," "influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion," or are undertaken "to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping" while in the jurisdiction of the United States.  A number of measures were introduced in an attempt to prevent and penalize activities that are deemed to support terrorism. It was made a crime to harbor or conceal terrorists, and those who do are subject to a fine or imprisonment of up to 10 years, or both.

82. PROS The act improves the counter- terrorism effort in several significant ways: 1. The patriot act allows investigators to use the tools that were already avaliable to investigate organized crime and drug trafficking.  Allows law enforcement to use surveillance against more crimes of terror.  Allows federal agents to follow sophisticated terrorist trained to evade detection

83. PROS  Allows law enforcement to conduct investigations without tipping off terrorists.  Allows federal agents to ask a court an order to obtain business records in national security terrorism cases. 2. The Patriot Act update the law to reflect new technologies and new threats.  Allows law enforcement officials to obtain a search warrant anywhere a terrorist-related activity ocurred.  Allows victims of computer hacking to request law enforcement assitance monitoring the “trespassers” on their computers.

84. PROS 3. The Patriot Act increased the penalties for those who commit terrorist crimes, so the Patriot Acts:  Prohibits the harboring of terrorists.  Enhanced the inadequate maxium penalties for various crimes likely to be commited by terrorists.  Enhanced a number of conspiracy penalties.

85. PROS  In this context, some texts are in favour of “The Patriot act”, for instance: (…) the authorities of the Patriot Act exist to protect the very liberties that our Founders established in the Constitution. By protecting our freedoms, our civil liberties are enhanced, not diminished. Tom Ridge, J.D., former Homeland Security Secretary, in his July 15, 2004 speech “Prepared Remarks at the Allegheny County Emergency Operations Center”.

86. CONS  Unconstitutional: constitutional freedoms are in danger.  Danger to individual rights.  Is a threat against freedom of expression.  Examples: Distress signal at Grinnell. Peace offense in New York. Full exposure in Florida.

87. CONS  USA PATRIOT Act gives the Attorney General and federal law enforcement unnecessary and permanent new powers to violate civil liberties that go far beyond the stated goal of fighting international terrorism. The American Civil Liberties Union’s (ACLU) wrote in their Oct.23, 2001 “Letter to the Senate Urging Rejection on the Final Version of the USA PATRIOT Act”.

88. www.cengage.com/cj/white Jonathan R. White Rosemary Arway Hodges University