1. Data Networking Craig E. Canevit Network Services University of Tennessee April 12, 2005

2. What is Data Networking? A computer network is “an interconnection of computers and computing equipment using either wires or radio waves over small or large geographic areas.”

3. Types of Networks: P2P (Peer to Peer) P2P (Peer to Peer) Client/server Client/server WAN (Wide Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

4. WAN vs. MAN vs. LAN vs. PAN vs. WLAN… MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) PAN (Personal Area Network) PAN (Personal Area Network) WLAN (Wireless LAN) WLAN (Wireless LAN) Geographical vs. topological vs. technological distinctions Geographical vs. topological vs. technological distinctions

5. Unbelievably Brief History of Data Networking In the 1960s, DARPA ( Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, US Military’s R&D ) started looking into connecting computers through networks, particularly packet-switched networks. Its work led to the formation of ARPANET in the late 1960s, which gradually evolved into the Internet. DNS DNS Subnetting Subnetting

6. Circuit Switching vs. Packet Switching

7. The OSI Model & Why It Matters ISO (International Organization for Standardization) ISO (International Organization for Standardization) ISO vs. Open Systems Interconnection ISO vs. Open Systems Interconnection Application Application Http, ftp, telnet, ssh Http, ftp, telnet, ssh Presentation Presentation ASCII/encryption/compression ASCII/encryption/compression Session Session

8. The OSI Model, continued Transport Transport End to end End to end Network (packets) Network (packets) L3 addressing (i.e.: 160.36.193.46 ) L3 addressing (i.e.: 160.36.193.46 ) Next hop Next hop Data Link (frames) Data Link (frames) L2 addressing (i.e.: 0002.fea8.39c1) L2 addressing (i.e.: 0002.fea8.39c1) SSN vs. postal service SSN vs. postal service Physical Physical

9. Encapsulation Application Application Application Application Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Session Session Session Session Transport Transport Transport Transport Network Network Network Network Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Physical Physical Physical Physical

10. Ethernet Frame with Encapsulation

11. Network Protocols AppleTalk AppleTalk SPX/IPX (Sequenced Packet EXchange/Internet Packet EXchange) SPX/IPX (Sequenced Packet EXchange/Internet Packet EXchange) NETBEUI/NetBIOS (NetBIOS Extended Interface) NETBEUI/NetBIOS (NetBIOS Extended Interface) TCP/IP protocol suite TCP/IP protocol suite

12. Binary, Bits & Bytes Bits: 0 vs 1 Bits: 0 vs 1 Decimal: Powers of 10 Decimal: Powers of 10 2,165 = 2,165 = 2*10 3 +1*10 2 *6*10 1 +5*10 0 2*10 3 +1*10 2 *6*10 1 +5*10 0 Binary: Powers of 2 Binary: Powers of 2 2165= 2165= 100001110101 or 100001110101 or 2 11 +2 6 +2 5 +2 4 +2 2 +2 0 or 2 11 +2 6 +2 5 +2 4 +2 2 +2 0 or 2048+64+32+16+4+1 2048+64+32+16+4+1

13. Binary, Bits & Bytes (traditionally) Byte = 8 bits Byte = 8 bits Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes (or 8192 bits) Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes (or 8192 bits) Megabyte (MB) = 1024 kilobytes Megabyte (MB) = 1024 kilobytes Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 megabytes Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 megabytes Terabyte (TB) = 1024 gigabytes Terabyte (TB) = 1024 gigabytes

14. Maybe Bites? (IEC Standard) Byte = 8 bits Byte = 8 bits Kilobyte (kB) = 1000 bytes vs. Kibibyte (KiB) = 1024 bytes Kilobyte (kB) = 1000 bytes vs. Kibibyte (KiB) = 1024 bytes Megabit (Mbit) 1000 Kilobits vs. Mebibyte (MiB) = 1024 kibibytes vs. Megabyte (MB) = 1000 megabits Megabit (Mbit) 1000 Kilobits vs. Mebibyte (MiB) = 1024 kibibytes vs. Megabyte (MB) = 1000 megabits International Electrotechnical Commission International Electrotechnical Commission

15. WAN Technologies T-/DS-/OC- lines T-/DS-/OC- lines Based on telephone lines DS-0 = 64 kbps) Based on telephone lines DS-0 = 64 kbps) T1 = 1.544 Mbps (or 24 DS-0 lines) T1 = 1.544 Mbps (or 24 DS-0 lines) DS-3 = 44.736 Mbps DS-3 = 44.736 Mbps OC-12= 622.08 Mbps OC-12= 622.08 Mbps Cell switching: Cell switching: SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork) SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork) ATM ATM ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 128Kbps/1.54Mbps 128Kbps/1.54Mbps Frame Relay (typically low speeds: 56K-T1 speeds) Frame Relay (typically low speeds: 56K-T1 speeds)

16. MAN Technologies In-between LAN & MAN In-between LAN & MAN

17. LAN Technologies Cable Modems (1.5 - 6 Mbps down, 256 - 768 kbps up) Cable Modems (1.5 - 6 Mbps down, 256 - 768 kbps up) Wireless ( 802.11b = 11 Mbps, 802.11a or 6 = 54 Mbps) Wireless ( 802.11b = 11 Mbps, 802.11a or 6 = 54 Mbps) Ethernet (10/100/1000/10Gbps) Ethernet (10/100/1000/10Gbps) 10Base-2 10Base-2 10/100/1000Base-T 10/100/1000Base-T Modems (56kbps) Modems (56kbps) DSL (1.544 Mbps to 512 Kbps downstream and about 128 Kbps) DSL (1.544 Mbps to 512 Kbps downstream and about 128 Kbps) LRE (5/10/15 Mbps) LRE (5/10/15 Mbps)

18. Network Cabling UTP, STP UTP, STP Cat 5 (allows for up to 150 Mbps) Cat 5 (allows for up to 150 Mbps) Cat 6 (allows for 1 Gbps) Cat 6 (allows for 1 Gbps) Coax Coax 10 Mbps for Ethernet (500 Mbps) 10 Mbps for Ethernet (500 Mbps) Fiber Fiber

19. Network Topologies Ring Ring Token-based Token-based Bus/tree Bus/tree Contention Contention Star Star Contention Contention Ethernet: CSMA/CD Ethernet: CSMA/CD

20. Network Devices So far: protocols, topologies, types of networks So far: protocols, topologies, types of networks Bridges/Hubs/Repeaters Bridges/Hubs/Repeaters Switches Switches ASICs versus software ASICs versus software Routers Routers

21. Network Devices Bridges Bridges

22. Network Devices Switches Switches

23. Network Devices Routers Routers

24. Security Concerns Firewalls Firewalls ACLs ACLs Routers with “firewall feature set” Routers with “firewall feature set” VPNs VPNs IDS/IPS & network sniffing IDS/IPS & network sniffing 10-Base2 LANs 10-Base2 LANs Cable modem networks Cable modem networks Hubs Hubs Wireless Wireless

25. Vendors Cisco Cisco Linksys Linksys Extreme Extreme Nortel Nortel HP HP Enterasys Enterasys Juniper Juniper Foundry Foundry

26. What Do We Have at UTK? About 780 Cisco switches About 780 Cisco switches Most buildings have Gigabit Ethernet uplink Most buildings have Gigabit Ethernet uplink 8 main Cisco routers 8 main Cisco routers Several dozen DEMPRs Several dozen DEMPRs 1100 Access Points supporting 802.11g 1100 Access Points supporting 802.11g Juniper router at the border Juniper router at the border 622 Mbps (135 for I1, 487 for I2) 622 Mbps (135 for I1, 487 for I2) Resnet DS-3 (45 Mbps) Resnet DS-3 (45 Mbps) ISDN connections, ISDN connections, DSL services DSL services

27. What Do We Have at UTK? (continued) FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) to Pellissippi FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) to Pellissippi Modem Pool (~250 users) Modem Pool (~250 users) LRE, DSL to buildings LRE, DSL to buildings T-1s to Middlebrook, etc. T-1s to Middlebrook, etc. Direct 100 Mbps connection to Lexis-Nexis Direct 100 Mbps connection to Lexis-Nexis

28. Special Applications Packeteer Packetshaper Packeteer Packetshaper Tipping Point IPS Tipping Point IPS VLANs VLANs DNS DNS

29. Standards/Governing bodies EIA/TIA ( Electronic Industries Alliance/Telecommunications Industry Alliance ) EIA/TIA ( Electronic Industries Alliance/Telecommunications Industry Alliance ) IETF (RFCs) IETF (RFCs) IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) InterNIC InterNIC ARIN ARIN IP address space IP address space

30. Speaking of Address Space IPv6 (128 bit addressing versus IPv4’s 32 bits) IPv6 (128 bit addressing versus IPv4’s 32 bits) 281,474,976,710,656 addresses versus 2^32 or 4,294,967,296 addresses 281,474,976,710,656 addresses versus 2^32 or 4,294,967,296 addresses fe80:0000:0000:0000:0203:93ff:ef76:5a5e fe80:0000:0000:0000:0203:93ff:ef76:5a5e vs. 160.36.193.46

31. The Future? Move towards IPv6 Move towards IPv6 VOIP VOIP Convergence Convergence Ubiquitous wireless Ubiquitous wireless Video on demand Video on demand 10 Gig E over copper 10 Gig E over copper 100 Gig E 100 Gig E