1. Certified Fiber Optic Training
LightMASTER
Certified Fiber Optic Training
LightMASTER Certified Fiber Optic Training
© 2005, Michael P. Kovacs

2. LightMASTER Course Outline
Fiber to the Home (FTTH) Architecture
The Basics of Fiber Optics
Optical Waveguides
Transmission Characteristics
Optical Link Components
Fiber Optic System Design
Safety and Handling Procedures
Termination Methods
Test and Measurement
FOI Examination Preparation
Lab # 1 Fabricate and Test a 2 meter Multimode ST to ST Jumper
Lab # 2 Fabricate and Test a 2 meter Multimode ST to SC Jumper
Lab # 3 Fabricate and Test a 2 meter Singlemode ST to FC Jumper
Lab # 4 Perform and Validate a Mechanical Splice
Lab # 5 Perform and Validate Fusion Splices
Lab # 6 Utilize a Singlemode OTDR for Troubleshooting a Fiber Link
LightMASTER Certified Fiber Optic Training
© 2005, Michael P. Kovacs

3. Local Loop Distribution
2 pr. T-1
Circuit
(2-6 miles)
CSA = Carrier Serving Area
Central
Office
Pair
Gain
System
12,000 ft.
or less CSA
loops
Feeder Cable
( prs.)
Analog/Digital
Digital/Analog
Mux/Demux
1st Generation
Copper
Distribution
OC-n
2nd Generation
Metallic Pair Gain
Fiber
Feeder
(5-20 miles)
Distribution Cable
( prs.)
Digital
Loop
Carrier
12,000 ft.
or less CSA
loops
18,000 ft.
or less analog
loops
Drop
Wire
Optical/Electrical
Analog/Digital
Digital/Analog
Mux/Demux
3rd Generation
Fiber Pair Gain
LightMASTER Certified Fiber Optic Training
© 2005, Michael P. Kovacs

4. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Energy
Frequency
(cycles/sec) 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Audio
Radio
Microwave
Infrared
Visible
Ultraviolet
X-Ray
Gamma Rays
30,000 m
3 m
0.3 mm
3 um
0.3 nm
3 x m W
avelength
Visible
Region
Optical Fiber
Low Loss Region
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Wavelength (mm)
LightMASTER Certified Fiber Optic Training
© 2005, Michael P. Kovacs

5. LightMASTER Certified Fiber Optic Training
Numerical Aperture
NA = sinq
Cladding
Acceptance
Cone
Core
The Numerical Aperture or Cone of
Acceptance is a measure of the light
gathering ability of an optical fiber.
The greater the NA, the greater the
acceptance angle and more light will
be coupled into the fiber. q
LightMASTER Certified Fiber Optic Training
© 2005, Michael P. Kovacs

6. Attenuation vs. Wavelength
Wavelength (nm) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10
Attenuation (dB/km)
3rd Window
2nd Window
1st Window
4th Window
OH-
Spectral Loss Curve
Low-Loss, High Silica, Multimode Fiber
LightMASTER Certified Fiber Optic Training
© 2005, Michael P. Kovacs

7. . Transmission Formats Point to Multi-Point - Full Duplex TX RX 850 nm
Wideband
Couplers TX RX
850 nm
1 x N
Coupler . TX RX
1300 nm TX RX
N = 16 or 32
LightMASTER Certified Fiber Optic Training
© 2005, Michael P. Kovacs

8. Fiber Cable - Outdoor Loose Tube
Central
Strength
Member
Loose
Buffer Tube
Fiber
Bundle
Tensile
Strength
Member
Outer Jacket
Inner Sheath
Gel Moisture
Layer
LightMASTER Certified Fiber Optic Training
© 2005, Michael P. Kovacs

9. Fiber Optic Connectors - SC
Subscriber Connector (SC)
Very popular connector style introduced in the early 1990s
Used in both telco and datacom applications
Singlemode and Multimode
2.5mm Ferrule Size
Keyed, Spring-loaded Style
Push-Pull Design facilitates use in High-Density Applications
Easy to field terminate, reasonable cost
LightMASTER Certified Fiber Optic Training
© 2005, Michael P. Kovacs

10. Fiber Optic Splicing Fusion SplicingX y
V-groove
Side View
Precision
Imaging
Optics
Electrodes
Cleaved
Fibers
Fusion Splicer
Block Diagram
Electric
Arc
LightMASTER Certified Fiber Optic Training
© 2005, Michael P. Kovacs

11. Connector Ferrule Shapes
Air Gap • 0.5 dB Loss • 20 dB Return Loss
Physical Contact • 0.3 dB Loss • 30 dB Return Loss
Convex PC • 0.3 dB Loss • 40 dB Return Loss
8 deg. angle
Angle PC • 0.3 dB Loss • 60 dB Return Loss
LightMASTER Certified Fiber Optic Training
© 2005, Michael P. Kovacs

12. Optical Loss Test Set Single Jumper Method
1300 nm
Multimode
Optical
Source l
On/Off
4.62 dB
Power
Meter
Ref
Cable
Under
Test
MQJ
Connector
Adapter
Step Four
Disconnect the MQJ from the Power Meter and connect to one end of the cable under test using a connector adapter.
Step Five
Connect the other end of the cable under test to the Power Meter.
Step Six
Read the loss in dB directly from the Power Meter display.
LightMASTER Certified Fiber Optic Training
© 2005, Michael P. Kovacs

13. OTDR Waveform Trace Measuring Event Loss
B Cursor
B Cursor
A Cursor
A Cursor
Reflective
Event
Loss (dB)
Loss (dB)
Loss (dB)
Non-reflective
Event
OTDR set to
dB Loss mode
Distance (ft or m)
LightMASTER Certified Fiber Optic Training
© 2005, Michael P. Kovacs