1. PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Tenth Edition Shier  Butler  Lewis Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 17-1

2. Chapter 17 Digestive System Functions of Digestive System ingestion mechanical digestion chemical digestion propulsion absorption defecation 17-2

3. Major Organs 17-3

4. Alimentary Canal 17-4

5. Alimentary Canal Wall 17-5

6. Movements of the Tube mixing movements peristalsis 17-6

7. Innervation of the Tube submucosal plexus – controls secretions myenteric plexus – controls gastrointestinal motility parasympathetic impulses – increase activities of digestive system sympathetic impulses – inhibit certain digestive actions 17-7

8. Mouth ingestion mechanical digestion prepares food for chemical digestion 17-8

9. Tongue 17-9

10. Palate roof of oral cavity 17-10

11. Primary Teeth 8 incisors 4 cuspids 8 molars 17-11

12. Secondary Teeth 17-12

13. Section of a Tooth 17-13

14. Salivary Glands 17-14

15. Secretions of Salivary Glands Parotid glands clear water, serous fluid rich in amylase Submandibular glands primarily serous fluid some mucus Sublingual glands primarily mucus most viscous 17-15

16. Pharynx 17-16

17. Swallowing Mechanism soft palate and uvula raise hyoid bone and larynx elevate epiglottis closes off top of trachea longitudinal muscles of pharynx contract inferior constrictor muscles relax and esophagus opens peristaltic waves push food through pharynx 17-17

18. Swallowing Mechanism 17-18

19. Esophagus 17-19

20. Stomach 17-20

21. Radiograph of Stomach 17-21

22. Descriptive terms for the peritoneum Mesentery- double layer of peritoneum connecting organs with other organs or to the abdominal wall. Mesentery contains connective tissue with neurovascular, lymphatic vessels, and fat. Mesentary of the large intestine is called mesocolon. Omentum- double layer extension of peritoneum Greater- from the greater curvature of the stomach it hangs down like a apron. After descending, it folds back and attaches to the transverse colon. Lesser- connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the duodenum to the liver.

23. Arterial supply to abdominal region  Celiac- just distal to the aortic hiatus  Divides into left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries –Supplies esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver and pancreas  Left gastric- celiac trunk – supplies the distal esophagus and lesser curvature of the stomach.  Splenic- supplies the body of pancreas, spleen, and greater curvature of stomach.  Left gastro-omental- origin splenic- left portion of greater curvature of stomach  Short gastric- supplies the fundus of stomach

24. Arteries  Hepatic- celiac- one third of liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, duodenum, and lobes of liver  Right gastric- hepatic- tight portion of lesser curvature of stomach  Right gastro-omental- tight portion of greater curvature of stomach  Phrenic-  Superior mesenteric- small intestine and ascending and transverse colon

25. Arteries Suprarenal- supplies blood to the adrenal glands Renal- divides into lobar branches within the kidney. Gonadal- Female paired arteries to ovaries. Male- passes through the inguinal canal to supply the testes. Inferior mesenteric- supplies the descending colon, sigmoid and the rectum Lumbar- 3 or 4 arise from the posterior aorta to supply muscles of the skin and posterior abdominal wall. Middle sacral – small- carries blood to the sacrum and coccyx.

26. Lining of Stomach 17-22

27. Gastric Secretions pepsinogen from chief cells inactive form of pepsin pepsin from pepsinogen in presence of HCl protein splitting enzyme hydrochloric acid from parietal cells needed to convert pepsinogen to pepsin mucus from goblet cells and mucous glands protective to stomach wall intrinsic factor from parietal cells required for vitamin B 12 absorption in the small intestine 17-23

28. Perinicious anemia Autoimmune disorder Damage to the parietal cells fail to produce intrinsic factor required for absorption of Vitamin B 12.

29. Regulation of gastric secretions Nervous and endocrine Somatostatin, which is a hormone released by specialized cells inhibits acid secretion. Ach released from the parasympathetic endings of the vagus nerve. Inhibits secretion of somatostatin and stimulates gastric juice. Stimulates gastrin, increasing gastric secretion and histamine release, which, in turn, causes additional gastric secretion.

30. Intestinal regulation Intestinal hormone, gastrin enhances gastric secretion. Cholecystokinin- is released in response to proteins and fat causing decrease gastric motility. Somatostatin is stimulated by fats and inhibits release of gastric juices.

31. Regulation of Gastric Secretions 17-25

32. Phases of Gastric Secretion Cephalic phase triggered by smell, taste, sight, or thought of food parasympathetic impulses trigger gastric juice secretion Gastric phase- 40% - 50% triggered by presence of food in stomach, the pH rises gastrin released in response to increase pH As the pH approaches 3 gastrin is inhibited Intestinal phase triggered by movement of food into small intestine intestinal cells release intestinal gastrin secretion of gastric juice 17-24

33. Gastric Absorption some water certain salts certain lipid-soluble drugs alcohol Most all nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine 17-26

34. Mixing and Emptying Actions 17-27

35. Enterogastric Reflex regulates the rate at which chyme leaves the stomach 17-28

36. Pancreas 17-29

37. Pancreatic Juice pancreatic amylase – splits glycogen into disaccharides pancreatic lipase – breaks down triglycerides trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase – digest proteins nucleases – digest nucleic acids bicarbonate ions – make pancreatic juice alkaline 17-30

38. Regulation of Pancreatic Secretions acidic chyme stimulates release of secretin secretin stimulate release of pancreatic juice 17-31

39. Liver 17-32

40. Hepatic Lobule 17-33

41. The Paths of Blood and Bile in Hepatic Lobule 17-34

42. Liver Functions produces glycogen from glucose breaks down glycogen into glucose converts noncarbohydrates to glucose oxidizes fatty acids synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol converts carbohydrates and proteins into fats deaminates amino acids forms urea synthesizes plasma proteins converts some amino acids to other amino acids stores glycogen, vitamins A,D, B 12, iron, and blood phagocytosis of worn out RBCs and foreign substances removes toxins from blood produces and secretes 17-35

43. Composition of Bile water bile salts emulsification of fats absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins bile pigments cholesterol electrolytes 17-36

44. Gallbladder 17-37

45. Regulation of Bile Release fatty chyme entering duodenum stimulate gallbladder to release bile 17-38

46. Three Parts of Small Intestine 17-39

47. Mesentery suspends portions of the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall 17-40

48. Intestinal Villus 17-41

49. Intestinal Epithelium 17-42

50. Wall of Small Intestine 17-43

51. Secretions of Small Intestine peptidase – breaks down peptides into amino acids sucrase, maltase, lactase – break down disaccharides into monosaccharides lipase – breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol enterokinase – converts trypsinogen to trypsin somatostatin – hormone that inhibits acid secretion by stomach cholecystokinin – hormone that inhibits gastric glands, stimulates pancreas to release enzymes in pancreatic juice, stimulates gallbladder to release bile secretin – stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate ions in pancreatic juice 17-44

52. Regulation of Small Intestinal Secretions mucus secretion stimulated by presence of chyme in small intestine distension of intestinal wall activates nerve plexuses in wall of small intestine parasympathetics trigger release of intestinal enzymes 17-45

53. Absorption in the Small Intestine monosaccharides and amino acids through facilitated diffusion and active transport absorbed into blood electrolytes and water through diffusion, osmosis, and active transport absorbed into blood 17-46

54. Absorption in the Small Intestine fatty acids and glycerol several steps absorbed into lymph and blood 17-47

55. Movements of the Small Intestine mixing movements peristalsis – pushing movements segmentation – ringlike contractions overdistended wall triggers peristaltic rush resulting in diarrhea 17-48

56. Large Intestine 17-49

57. Large Intestinal Wall 17-50

58. Functions of Large Intestine little or no digestive function absorbs water and electrolytes secretes mucus houses intestinal flora forms feces carries out defecation 17-51

59. Movements of Large Intestine slower and less frequent than those of small intestine mixing movements peristalsis mass movements usually follow meals 17-52

60. Feces water electrolytes mucus bacteria bile pigments altered by bacteria provide color smell produced by bacterial compounds 17-53

61. Life-Span Changes teeth become sensitive gums recede teeth may loosen or fall out heartburn more frequent constipation more frequent nutrient absorption decreases accessory organs age but the effects are less noticeable 17-54

62. Clinical Application Hepatitis inflammation of the liver most commonly caused by viral infection can be caused by reactions to drug, alcoholism or autoimmunity Signs and Symptoms headache low fever fatigue vomiting rash foamy urine pale feces jaundice pain Hepatitis A – not washing hands or eating raw shellfish Hepatitis B – chronic; serum Hepatitis C – serum Hepatitis D – very severe; only produces symptoms if infected with B; serum Hepatitis E, F, G – more rare 17-55