1. THE NEW DEAL AMERICA GETS BACK TO WORK

2. SECTION 1: A NEW DEAL FIGHTS THE DEPRESSION The 1932 presidential election showed that Americans were clearly ready for a change Republicans re- nominated Hoover despite his low approval rating The Democrats nominated Franklin Delano Roosevelt

3. ROOSEVELT WINS OVERWHELMING VICTORY Democrat Roosevelt, known popularly as FDR, was a 2-term governor of New York FDR was a distant cousin of Teddy Roosevelt The Democrats also won huge victories in the house and senate Greatest Democratic victory in 80 years FDR easily won the 1932 election

4. FDR LAUNCHES NEW DEAL FDR promised a “new deal” for the American people He took office with a flurry of activity known as “The Hundred Days” The 100 Days lasted from March to June 1933

5. FDR’s Inaugural Address & the First Hundred Days “This Nation asks for action, and action now. “ “Our greatest primary task is to put people to work…. It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the Government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war.”

6. Three Competing and Conflicting Goals –Relief – Immediate End to Human Suffering –Recovery – Bring US Out of Depression –Reform – Make Sure Depression Cant Happen Again

7. THE NEW DEAL this was the name FDR gave to his new program to fight the Depression it was a revolution in American society - changed completely the way the government functions the first phase of the New Deal dealt exclusively w/ economic reform - unlike Hoover, FDR believed government legislation/involvement was crucial to stimulate the economy

8. CONGRESS GETS BUSY FDR’s philosophy was to get people help and work through “deficit” spending During the 100 Days, Congress passed more than 15 major pieces of legislation that significantly expanded government’s role in the nation’s economy and welfare

9. TO DO LIST: #1- HELP BANKS First order of business was to get the banking system in order On March 5, one day after taking office, FDR declared a bank holiday He persuaded Congress to pass the Emergency Relief Act, which authorized the Treasury Department to inspect the nation’s banks

10. THE NEW DEAL step 1 - dealt w/ the banking crisis - BANKING HOLIDAY- banks shut down and subject to government inspection, allowed to open when "healthy"- people's confidence returned  they re-deposited $, allowing banks to invest in the economy

11. AMERICANS GAIN CONFIDENCE IN BANKS Next, FDR passed the Glass-Steagall Act which established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation The FDIC insured account holders up to $5,000 and set strict standards for banks to follow (today = $100,000)

12. New Deal ProgramSummaryRelief, Recovery or Reform? Glass-Steagall ActFDIC -- government insures deposits up to $5,000 Recovery/ Reform

13. step 2 - stock market reform- Security Exchange Commission est. to police the NYSE (first chairman.was Joseph P. Kennedy)- practice of buying on margin was regulated

14. step 3 - to put more $ in circulation, FDR went off the GOLD STANDARD (government could print more $ than Fort Knox gold reserves would allow)- w/ more $ in circulation, wages and prices increased (= inflation), causing dollar value to lower- gave government spending power (Keynesian economics)

15. MORE 100 DAYS ACTIVITY Federal Securities Act: Required stock info to be accurate and truthful Agricultural Adjustment Act: (AAA) Raised crop prices by lowering production Tennessee Valley Authority: (TVA) Focused on direct relief to hard hit area– created ambitious dam projects

16. New Deal ProgramSummaryRelief, Recovery or Reform? Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) Government loans money to homeowners so that they can pay mortgages Relief/ Recovery Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) Government loans money to farms so they can pay mortgages Relief/ Recovery

17. AGRUCULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT (AAA) - passed in 1933 to aid formers- its objective was to restore farmers' purchasing power and to restore the family farm - AAA had farmers cut back on crop production by paying them equivalent SUBSIDIES (paid not to produce) - bad side: 1) food production down when millions were starving 2) Black sharecroppers were hurt: white landowners paid not to farm so they got rid of Black tenant formers

18. in 1935, AAA was declared unconstitutional by courts (too much control over individual states), so it was revised and introduced as new legislation EX: Food Stamp Act of 1939 - gave away surplus food to poor, also guaranteed (small) farmers a market

19. TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY (TVA) - used to promote hydroelectric power, control flooding - lower rates  private industry, manufacture fertilizer  federal government took ownership (nationalization v. privatization)

20. UNEMPLOYMENT - still a major problem FDR like Hoover was wary of government handouts - he wanted people to earn their keep so government agencies were created - temporarily - to address the unemployment problem CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS (CCC) - in 1933 - set to establish work for young men (18-25) in areas of reforestation, soil conservation, flood control, road construction - also took them out of urban labor markets - but Blacks not permitted to enroll

21. ALPHABET AGENCIES CCC – Civilian Conservation Corps put young men to work Men ages 18 to 25 worked building roads, parks, planting trees (200 million trees in Dust Bowl areas) By 1942 three million men worked for the CCC

22. New Deal ProgramSummaryRelief, Recovery or Reform? Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Environmental projects to give jobs to young men Relief/ Recovery

23. ALPHABET AGENCIES PWA – Public Works Administration was part of the NIRA (National Industrial Recovery Act) The PWA provided money to states to construct schools and community buildings PWA workers construct a public building in Hartford, Connecticut

24. ALPHABET AGENCIES CWA – Civil Works Administration built 40,000 schools and provided salaries for 50,000 teachers in rural America Also built 500,000 miles of roads CWA School in Woodville, CA

25. ALPHABET AGENCIES FHA – Federal Housing Administration provided home loans, home mortgages and repairs Repaired business in Childersburg, Alabama

26. ALPHABET AGENCIES FERA – Federal Emergency Relief Agency provided $500 million in direct relief to the neediest Americans Citizens wait outside a FERA in Calipatria, CA for relief checks

27. CRITICS EMERGE Despite the renewed confidence of many Americans, critics from both political spectrums emerged Liberals (left) felt FDR’s program was NOT doing enough Conservatives (right) felt that government intervention was TOO much and interfered with our free market economy

28. WINSTON CHURCHILL WINSTON CHURCHILL “Any man who is under 30, and is not a liberal, has no heart; and any man who is over 30, and is not a conservative, has no brains.”

29. SPECIFIC PIECES OF LEGISLATION (direct government intervention in the economy)(called "Alphabet Soup") NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY ACT (NIRA) and NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMIN (NRA) were established to end animosity between labor and business  all was redirected to industrial growth  fair labor codes established - wages, no child labour, shortened work hours

30. New Deal ProgramSummaryRelief, Recovery or Reform? National Recovery Act (NRA) Minimum wages, maximum hours/week, the Blue Eagle Relief/Recovery

31. SPECIFIC PIECES OF LEGISLATION Business people challenged the NRA, claiming it was communist They formed the LIBERTY LEAGUE - at LL's urging, the Supreme Court overturned the NIRA & NRA, claiming that federal government was exceeding its authority (by interfering with state jurisdiction)

32. SUPREME COURT REACTS By the mid-1930s, the Supreme Court struck down the NIRA as unconstitutional (citing too much government control over industry) The Court also struck down the AAA on the grounds that agricultural was a local matter -- not a federal matter The Supreme Court -- 1935

33. New Deal Program (Date) Summary 21 st Amendment (1933) Repeal of prohibition

34. Reactions to the New Deal A.Political Opposition 1. Conservatives Complain About Dictatorship & Deficits

36. ANOTHER CRITIC Huey Long was a Senator from Louisiana who was a constant (and effective) critic of FDR Long was setting up a run for president A lone gunman assassinated Long at the height of his popularity in 1935 Huey Long made effective use of radio to promote his views

37. Huey Long Lobbies to Share the Wealth Liberals Argue FDR Must Do More

38. MORE CRITICS Every Sunday, Father Charles Coughlin broadcast radio sermons slamming FDR He called for a guaranteed annual income and nationalized banks At his height of popularity, Coughlin had 45 million listeners His increasingly anti-Semitic remarks ultimately cost him support Coughlin

39. Father Coughlin Calls for a Guaranteed Income

40. -- Dr. Townsend Promotes Pensions for the Elderly

41. FDR EASILY WINS 2 ND TERM The Republicans nominated Alfred Landon, Governor of Kansas, while the Democrats (of course) nominated Franklin Delano Roosevelt Again the Dems and FDR won an overwhelming victory in the presidential election and in both houses FDR wins 1936 election FDR wins in 1936

42. ELECTION OF 1936 - FDR won easily (v Repub. Alf Landon - Kansas governor) this victory gave FDR a mandate to continue his New Deal policies first objective: to reorganize the Supreme Court - they disallowed some New Deal legislation FDR wants # of judges changed from 9  15 (to "pack the court") - great opposition, so FDR w/drew this proposal but judges retired & FDR got to appoint new ones  they approved all New Deal legislation

43. New Deal Program (Date) Summary Court Packing PlanAdd one justice for every justice over age 70

44. FDR REGAINS CONTROL OVER SUPREME COURT From the mid to late 1930s, FDR was able to appoint 7 new judges to the Supreme Court, thus assuring that his programs would carry on unabated

45. SECTION 2: THE SECOND NEW DEAL Although the economy had improved during FDR’s first term (1932- 1936), the gains were not as great as expected Unemployment remained high and production still lagged

46. Economic Disappointment: The Great Depression Continues

47. THE SECOND HUNDRED DAYS FDR launches the “Second New Deal” also called the “Second Hundred Days” First priority was the farmers – FDR reinvigorated the AAA which provided aid for migrants, sharecroppers, and poor farmers FDR authorized more than $1 billion to help tenant farmers become landowners

48. WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION Helping urban workers was critical to the success of the Second Hundred Days The WPA set out to create as many jobs as possible as quickly as possible Between 1935-1943, the WPA spent $11 billion to give jobs to 8 million workers

49. WPA BUILDS AMERICA WPA workers built 850 airports, 651,000 miles of roads and streets, and 125,000 public buildings The WPA also hired artists, writers and photographers to create art The Davis Street School Extension in Atlanta under construction as part of the Works Progress Administration Program, November 2, 1936

50. NATIONAL YOUTH ADMINISTRATION The National Youth Administration (NYA) was created to provide education, jobs and recreation for young people Getting young people off the streets and into schools and jobs was a high priority for the NYA

51. other agencies had specific mandates too NATIONAL YOUTH ADMIN. (NYA) - created jobs for young in urban areas FED. EMERGENCY RELIEF ACT (FERA) - aimed at older workers- these and other similar agencies worked well, but unemployment was still at 6 million in 1941(solution for this would be the industrial boom of WW2) National Labour Relations Act (aka Wagner Act)- it legitimized unions and labor tactics such as collective bargaining & collective action (strikes, etc...) - it outlawed BLACKLISTS & other anti-union practices

52. IMPROVING LABOR RELATIONS In the Second New Deal FDR helped pass the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) This legislation protected workers, ensured collective bargaining, and preserved the right to unionize The NLRA was also called the Wagner Act

53. New Deal Program (Date) Summary Wagner Act (1935)Protects workers and unions – no more blacklists and yellow dog contracts

54. CONGRESS PROTECTS WORKERS In 1938, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act which set maximum hours at 44 per week and minimum wage at 25 cents per hour

55. NEW DEAL - SOCIAL REFORM ASPECT- after 1935, w/ immediate economic relief & reform addressed, New Deal turned to Social Welfare - more legislation…

56. SOCIAL SECURITY ACT One of the most important achievements of the New Deal era was the creation of the Social Security System The Social Security Act, passed in 1935, had 3 parts: Old-Age Pension Unemployment compensation Aid to families with dependent children & disabled (welfare)

57. New Deal Program (Date) Summary Social Security Act (1935)a)Pensions for elderly b)Insurance for unemployed c)Aid to dependents (kids)

58. Social Security Act (1935)- feared by opponents as "creeping socialism"- this act typifies the WELFARE STATE - unemployment insurance, old age pensions Problem: it took some $ out of circulation (payroll deductions) at a time when purchasing power was already low- also, it only covered the unemployed 1936 - "Soak The Rich" tax

59. NEW DEAL AFFECTS MANY GROUPS First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt helped women gain higher political positions during the New Deal Eleanor was influential in her role as advisor to the president Frances Perkins became America’s first female cabinet member (Labor) Eleanor & Franklin

60. AFRICAN AMERICANS DURING THE NEW DEAL The 1930s witnessed a growth of activism for black Americans A. Philip Randolph became head of the nation’s first all-black union – the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

61. AFRICAN AMERICANS GAIN POLITICAL POSITIONS FDR appointed over 100 African Americans to positions within the government Mary McLeod Bethune headed the division of Negro Affairs of the NYA Despite these gains, FDR was never fully committed to Civil Rights Bethune

62. NATIVE AMERICANS MAKE GAINS Native Americans made advances during the 1920s & 1930s Full citizenship granted in 1924 The Reorganization Act of 1934 gave Natives more ownership of reservations Policy was moving away from assimilation towards autonomy

63. FDR WINS IN 1936... AGAIN FDR had wide appeal in the United States, especially in urban areas African Americans, Jews, Catholics and immigrants all supported the popular president FDR & Eleanor campaign by rail in 1936

64. SECTION 4: CULTURE IN THE 1930s MOVIES: By the late 1930s, 65% of Americans were attending the movies at least once per week at one of the nation’s 15,000 movie theaters Comedies, lavish musicals, love stories and gangster films dominated the movie industry Movies provided an escape from the hardships of the Great Depression

65. MOVIE A new era of glamour in Hollywood was launched with stars like Clark Gable, Marlene Dietrich and James Cagney STARS 1930s

66. FAMOUS FILMS OF THE 30s One of the most famous films of the era was Gone with the Wind (1939) Other notable movies of the era included The Wizard of Oz (1939) and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)

67. RADIO: THE ORIGINAL ENTERTAINMENT Sales of radios greatly increased in the 1930s, from 13 million in 1930 to 28 million by 1940 Nearly 90% of American homes owned a radio Families spent hours listening to the radio

68. ROOSEVELT’S FIRESIDE CHATS FDR communicated to Americans via radio His frequent “Fireside Chats” kept Americans abreast of the government’s efforts during the Depression

69. POPULAR RADIO SHOWS Popular radio shows included comedies with Bob Hope, Jack Benny, and the duo of Burns and Allen Soap operas (named because they were sponsored by soap companies) ran in the mornings, kids shows in the afternoon and entertainment at night HopeHope BurnsAllen Benny

70. FAMOUS RADIO MOMENTS Orson Wells created a radio special called War of the Worlds It was an epic drama about aliens landing in America Unfortunately, many thought it was a news broadcast and panicked

71. LIVE NEWS COVERAGE Radio captured news as well as providing entertainment One of the first worldwide broadcasts was the horrific crash of the Hindenburg, a German Zeppelin (blimp), in New Jersey on May 6, 1937 Such immediate news coverage became a staple in society The Hindenburg caught fire and was utterly destroyed within a minute Of the 97 people on board, 13 passengers and 22 crew-members were killed

72. ART DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION The Federal Art Project (branch of the WPA) paid artists a living wage to produce art Projects included murals, posters and books Much of the art, music and literature was sober and serious WPA Art – “Democracy...a Challenge” – artist, date unknown

73. ARTISTS HERALDED Painters like Edward Hopper, Thomas Hart Benton, and Iowa’s Grant Wood were all made famous by their work in the WPA program Photographer Dorothea Lange gained fame from her photos during this era (featured throughout this presentation) Wood’s American Gothic is perhaps the most famous piece of the era (1930)

74. GUTHRIE’S MUSIC CAPTURES ERA Singer Woody Guthrie used music to capture the hardship of the Great Depression Guthrie traveled the country singing about America Guthrie

75. WRITERS DEPICT AMERICAN LIFE The Federal Writers’ Project (branch of WPA) paid writers to write Richard Wright’s acclaimed Native Son was written for the project

76. JOHN STEINBECK RECEIVES ACCLAIM American writer John Steinbeck received assistance from the Federal Writers’ Project He published his most famous book, Grapes of Wrath (1939), as part of the program

77. the late 1930's – new Qs arose… FDR concerned w/ int'l issues in 1939 he proposed no new major domestic reform measures (1st time in his pres.) ELECTION OF 1940 - FDR broke with tradition & ran a 3rd time FDR v. Wendell Wilkie - the big issue here was American support of the Allies (G.B.), now embroiled in WWII v. Nazi Ger. both U.S. pol. parties wanted to support G.B. but to remain neutral - in fact a CONSENSUS had developed b/n the Dems. and Repubs. both parties approved of (most) New Deal legislation & wanted an isolationist foreign policy- FDR won in 1940 (and again in 1944)

78. IMPACT OF THE NEW DEAL New Deal helped in stimulating the U.S. economy, but only WWII would solve any lingering problems  unemployed found jobs in munitions factories and the military as the U.S. became the ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY

79. SECTION 5: THE IMPACT OF THE NEW DEAL Over time, opinions about the merits of the New Deal and FDR have ranged from harsh criticism to high praise – usually along partisan lines Conservatives felt FDR made government too large and too powerful Liberals countered that FDR socialized the economy because Americans needed help

80. LEGACIES OF THE NEW DEAL FDIC – banking insurance critical to sound economy Deficit spending has became a normal feature of government Social Security is a key legacy of the New Deal in that the Feds have assumed a greater responsibility for the social welfare of citizens since 1935

81. III. The Long Term Legacy of the New Deal A. African-Americans Become Democrats

82. B. The Creation of National Welfare

83. C. The Growth of Taxes and Debt

84. IMPACT OF THE NEW DEAL a 3rd revolution in American culture and politics- more government involvement but within the context of traditional U.S. democracy (not socialist…) New Deal saw expansion of U.S. government in : 1) eco. - constant government intervention/deficit spending 2) social reform - welfare state - after this point the U.S. government was expected to play a role in any economic crisis so FDR fundamentally reformed (not transformed) American society…

85. Conclusion The Great Depression and the New Deal mark a major divide in American history, casting doubt on traditional economic, social, and political attitudes, policies, and practices. The New Deal brought partial economic recovery but also expanded the roles of the federal government and the presidency. –Presidency now at the center of the political system The New Deal also revitalized the Democratic Party. –The “New Deal Coalition” of minorities, urban workers, white southerners

86. Changed the relationship between government and the people (“social contract” –Changed expectations Moved the economy toward a “mixed economy” –No longer laissez-faire capitalism –Now “regulated” capitalism Dramatically expanded federal government authority –Reduced role of states & local governments

87. Economic policies became barriers against another depression –FDIC, SEC, unemployment compensation, social security, farm price supports, minimum wages –Began using counter-cyclical spending to moderate the business cycle (Keynesian economics) –Provider of social welfare

88. What might have happened? An alternative scenario –Fascism –Germany in the 1930s? Adolph Hitler and the National Socialists –Socialism / communism