1. History of the Computer

2. Brief History of Computers
Calculators are used to increase speed and accuracy of numerical computations
The abacus has roots dating back over 5,000 years
Mechanical calculators have been relatively commonplace since late 19th century
What is a computer?
A mechanical or electronic device
Stores, retrieves, manipulates large amounts of information at high speed, with great accuracy
Does not need human intervention
Carries out instructions from a program

3. The First Computers: Mechanical “Computers”
Didn’t use electricity, some used gears, wires, beads
Abacus
BC (Babylonians): mechanical aid used for counting
The Roman Hand Abacus
The Salamis Tablet
(Greek, 300BC)

4. Abacus (cont.) Ancient times: 300 B.C. to c500A.D.
Middle Ages 5 A.D to c1400 A.D
Modern: 1200 A.D to present

5. Da Vinci’s Mechanical Calculator
Notebook sketches c1500
Working model

6. Napier’s Bones
Early 1600s
Multiplication tables inscribed on strips of wood and bones

7. Oughtred’s Slide Rule Rev. William Oughtred 1621
Use logs to perform multiplication and division by using addition and subtraction

8. Pascal’s arithmetic engine
Blaise Pascal ( )
Mechanical calculator for addition and subtraction

9. Leibnez’s Step Reckoner
Gottfried von Leibnez 1670
Add, subtract, multiply, divide, square roots

10. Jacquard’s punch card Joseph Marie Jacquard
1805 punch cards used to operator loom
Could reprogram loom by changing cards

11. The Pioneers Mid-1800’s: Charles Babbage built the Analytical Engine
made from axles and gears that could store and process 40 digit numbers
1940: Howard Aitken at Harvard, and Atanasoff and Berry at Iowa State created Mark I, an electronic computer.
It could not act on intermediate results.
1945: Mauchly and Eckert at U. Pennsylvania built the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
Weighed 33 tons, 17,000 vacuum tubes
Performed up to 5000 additions per second

12. Babbage’s Engines Charles Babbage (1791-1871)
Same chair at Cambridge as Newton and Hawking
Designed the difference engine and later, the analytical engine
Brass gears and strings of punch cards run by steam
Analytical Engine never built

13. The World’s First Programmer
Lady Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace ( )
Daughter of Lord
Understood Babbage’s Analytical Engine
Her notes anticipate future developments, including computer-generated music.

14. Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine
Herman Hollerith ( )
Invented a punched card device to help analyse the 1890 US census data
Founded “Tabulating Machine Company” 1896
1924 – Tabulating Machine Company merges with others to form IBM

15. MIT Differential Analyzer
Purpose: to solve differential equations
Mechanical computation with first use of vacuum tubes for memory
Programmed by aligning gears on shafts
1930s

16. Alan Turing ( )
Develops theory of computability and the “Turing Machine” model – a simple but elegant mathematical model of a general purpose computer (~1936)
Helped crack German codes in WWII ( )

17. Konrad Zuse
1936: Z1 first binary computer using Erector Set parts, keyboard and lights for output (relay memory)
1938: Z2 – using punched tape and relays Z1

18. Vacuum Tubes 1939 Atanasoff-Berry Computer Prototype 1939
First electronic-digital computer?
Binary numbers, direct logic for calculation, regenerative memory
Prototype 1939
2 years then to build full scale model
One op per 15 secs, 300 vacuum tubes, 700 pounds, mile of wire
ABC Prototype

19. The first computers (cont.)
1943 British Colossus – first all-electronic computer? (2,400 vacuum tubes)
Decipher enigma coded messages at 5,000 chars/sec
At peak, 10 machines ran 24 hours a day
A German enigma coding machine

20. The first computers (cont.)
Aiken at Harvard/IBM “Mark 1” – first electromechanical digital computer (electromagnetic relays – magnets open and close metal switches) (recreation of Analytical Engine)
8 ft tall, 50 ft long, 1 million parts
323 decimal-digit additions per sec
storage for digit numbers.

21. ENIAC: the computer of the 1940’s!
The ENIAC computer

22. ENIAC (1946)
1941 Von Neumann proposes EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Computer
Computer should
Use binary
Have stored programs
Be function-oriented
18,000 tubes, 1500 sq ft
Programmed by wire plugs into panels
5,000 decimal-digit additions/sec
20 10-decimal digit “accumulators”
Von Neumann and ENIAC

23. UNIVAC-1
The world’s first commercially available (non-military) computer
“I think there is a world market for about five computers”
Thomas J. Watson, IBM Chairman

24. Early Computers: 1940’s – 1950’s
1945 – 1950’s: First generation computers
used vacuum tubes to do internal switching needed for computations
1955: about 300 computers in the world built mostly by IBM and Remington Rand, based on vacuum tubes
Late 1950s: invention of the transistor was one of most important inventions of 20th Century
computers based on the transistor are the first solid-state computers

25. Transistors Generation 2
Transistors replace vacuum tubes
Size and cost decreased, speed increased
1960’s IBM sells large mainframe computers to businesses, called 700 series
Mainframes run operating systems that allow many dumb terminals to be attached
Typical business applications are custom written and run in batch mode

26. Early Computers: 1960’s Early 1960’s:
DEC created the minicomputer – about the size of a file cabinet
Used small packages of transistors called integrated circuits
Mainframes such as the IBM 360 are prominent in large companies and universities

27. Integrated Circuits Generation 3
Integrated circuits contain many transistors on one chip
1971 Intel produces 4004 chip with all circuitry for a calculator

28. VLSI Generation 4 Mid 1970s Very large scale integration
1977 Apple Corporation started by Steve Jobs sells personal computer for hobbyists
1980 IBM creates the PC to sell to businesses
The PC is widely cloned and becomes widely accepted as prices drop
PCs and clones use a text based operating system called DOS to programs
1984 Apple releases the MAC with a graphical user interface
Generations on How Webopedia
IBM PC c1982

29. Programming Language History
Programming languages instruct computers what to do
Charles Babbage's difference engine could only be made to execute tasks by changing the gears which executed the calculations
US Government ENIAC could only be "programmed" by presetting switches and rewiring the entire system for each new "program" or calculation

30. Programming Language History Generation 1
late 40’s / early 50’s: programmers coded directly in machine language
it allowed the programmer to write its statements in 0's and 1's by hand

31. Programming Language History Generation 2
mid 1950’s: assembly languages replaced numeric codes with mnemonic names
an assembler is a program that translates assembly code into machine code
input: assembly language program
output: machine language program
still low-level & machine-specific, but easier to program
In 1951, Grace Hopper (US Rear Admiral) wrote the first compiler, A-0, which turned English-like instructions into 0's and 1's
gcc2_compiled.:
.global _Q_qtod
.section ".rodata"
.align 8
.LLC0: .asciz "Hello world!"
.section ".text"
.align 4
.global main
.type main,#function
.proc 04
main: !#PROLOGUE# 0
save %sp,-112,%sp
!#PROLOGUE# 1
sethi %hi(cout),%o1
or %o1,%lo(cout),%o0
sethi %hi(.LLC0),%o2
or %o2,%lo(.LLC0),%o1
call __ls__7ostreamPCc,0
nop
mov %o0,%l0
mov %l0,%o0
sethi %hi(endl__FR7ostream),%
or %o2,%lo(endl__FR7ostream),%
call
__ls__7ostreamPFR7ostream_R7ostream,0
mov 0,%i0
b .LL230
.LL230: ret
restore
.LLfe1: .size main,.LLfe1-main
.ident "GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2"

32. Programming Language History Generation 3
In 1957, IBM creates the first of the major languages called FORTRAN.
Its name stands for FORmula TRANslating system.
The language was designed for scientific computing.
Excellent language for scientific work, difficult input/output operations

33. Programming Language History
 In 1958, John McCarthy of MIT created the LISt Processing (or LISP) language.
It was designed for Artificial Intelligence (AI) research.
Because it was designed for such a highly specialized field, its syntax has rarely been seen before or since.
Still in use today for AI research, offsprings include Scheme

34. Programming Language History
1959 COBOL was developed for businesses.
COBOL statements have a very English-like grammar, making it quite easy to learn.
Much better input/output than FORTRAN permitting business applications
Highly successful and used on most IBM mainframe computers, even today.

35. Programming Language History
The BASIC language was developed in 1964 by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz.
BASIC is a very limited language and was designed for non-computer science people.
Many versions of BASIC were developed, Bill Gates and his partner started business by writing a version of BASIC for a hobby computer
Bill Gates would later start Microsoft when he licenses the DOS operating system to IBM

36. Programming Languages History
Pascal was begun in 1968 by Niklaus Wirth.
Its development was mainly out of necessity for a good teaching tool.
Pascal was designed in a very orderly approach, it combined many of the best features of the languages in use at the time, COBOL, FORTRAN, and ALGOL.

37. Programming Language History
 C was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie while working at Bell Labs in New Jersey.
The transition in usage from the first major languages to the major languages of today occurred with the transition between Pascal and C.
C was built to be fast and powerful at the expense of being hard to read.
Ritchie developed C for the new Unix system being created at the same time.
C is very commonly used to program operating systems such as Unix, Windows, the MacOS, and Linux.

38. Programming Language History
In the late 1970's and early 1980's, a new programming method was being developed called Object Oriented Programming, or OOP.
Bjarne Stroustroup liked this method and developed extensions to C known as C++, which was released in 1983.
C++ was designed to organize the raw power of C using OOP, but maintain the speed of C and be able to run on many different types of computers.
C++ is most often used in simulations, such as games.

39. Programming Language History
Visual Basic 1 is released by Microsoft in 1991
It includes a combination of QuickBasic (Microsoft’s version of BASIC) and a graphical design tool for creating the User Interface (originally developed by Alan Cooper)
It includes an event-driven programming paradigm

40. Programming Language History
In the early 1990's, interactive TV was the technology of the future.
Sun Microsystems decided that interactive TV needed a special, portable (can run on many types of machines), language.
This language eventually became Java.
In 1994, the Java project team changed their focus to the web, which was becoming "the cool thing" after interactive TV failed.
The next year, Netscape licensed Java for use in their internet browser, Navigator.
At this point, Java became the language of the future.

41. Programming Language History Generation 4
Often abbreviated 4GL, fourth-generation languages are programming languages closer to human languages than typical 3rd generation languages.
In 1969, a language called RAMIS was released
Most 4GLs are used to access databases and do in a few lines of code what would require hundreds of lines of COBOL or C.
For example, a typical 4GL command is FIND ALL RECORDS WHERE NAME IS "SMITH"

42. The Personal Computer
1970s: The personal computer becomes available with invention of the microchip
1974: The microchip, along with the invention of the microprocessor led to creation of first personal computer
Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft Corporation
Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs founded Apple Computer, Inc.

43. The Personal Computer
1970s: The personal computer becomes available with invention of the microchip
1974: The microchip, along with the invention of the microprocessor led to creation of first personal computer
Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft Corporation
Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs founded Apple Computer, Inc.

44. Computers Today Currently:
PCs: 95% use Microsoft Windows operating system with a huge array of available software
Minicomputers are still popular with small business and universities
Mainframes are in use at large corporations
Supercomputers are very powerful and specialized
Used for massive computing problems by big corporations and government departments