1. Passing the Georgia High School Graduation Test and the State End of Course Test United States History Part Two U.S History Since 1865 Review Material for GHSGT and SEOCT Prepared by Michelle Drayton and Marjorie Seckinger ECHS – 2007-2008

2. SSUSH10 The student will identify legal, political, and social dimensions of Reconstruction. Reconstruction – the act of bringing the South back into a political union with the North. Problems resulted from power struggle between the executive and legislative branch over who would control the reconstruction process.

3. Presidential Reconstruction After the assassination of President Lincoln, Andrew Johnson became president. He also believed that the South had not seceded from the Union Wanted to treat the South as in rebellion Wanted to restore the Union as quickly and painlessly as possible

4. Congressional Reconstruction Controlled by “Radicals” who wanted to punish the South for the war and… Called for strict readmission standards Wanted to restructure the South’s political power away from the Planters

5. 10% Plan – Presidential Plan 10% of the voting population must swear allegiance to the Union Congress felt that this plan was too lenient and refused to admit representatives from the South into Congress

6. Radical Reconstruction Divide the South into military districts with military commanders instead of elected officials Must ratify 14 th Amendment –equal protection of all citizens – gave citizenship to former slaves Grant Black citizens the right to vote (15 th Amendment) Former Confederate officials could not hold office

7. Freedman’s Bureau Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. Furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs. Able to attend school for the first time African Americans started newspapers, served in public office, and attended new colleges and universities established for them. Morehouse College -

8. Reconstruction Congress did not provide African Americans with land With few skills – many returned to work on farms as sharecroppers and tenant farmers. Reconstruction comes to an end in 1877 when the last state was re-admitted to the Union African Americans were left with few protections against laws that discriminated against them (Jim Crow Laws)

9. 13 th, 14 th, 15 th Amendments Known as the Civil War Amendments 13 th – abolished slavery 14 th – defined citizenship to include African Americans and guaranteed that no citizen can be deprived of rights without due process 15 th – protected the right of African Americans to vote These amendments were designed to protect the rights of African Americans – however – they were not effective in preventing discrimination and abuse of voting rights.

10. Black Codes and the KKK Founded in 1866 – the Ku Klux Klan used terrorism and violence to scare blacks and other minorities. Tried to prevent Reconstruction governments from giving power to blacks. Black Codes – were restrictions on former slaves, passed by Southern governments – Could not own weapons, meet together after sundown, etc. Grandfather Clause – poll taxes – literacy tests were all ways in which blacks were denied the right to vote

11. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson President Johnson had been a supporter of Lincoln’s plan of reconstruction which would have re-admitted Southern states w/o restrictions Congress attempted to weaken Johnson’s power by passing several laws that made Reconstruction fall under their control – Congress wanted weaken his power even more – brought impeachment charges against him even though the evidence was weak Johnson escaped a conviction by one vote in the Senate but was weakened by the process -

12. SSUSH11 The student will describe the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction After the end of Reconstruction – people wanted to move west Congress helped that movement by loaning millions of dollars to railroad companies to build railroads for the west coast Railroads made it possible for the spread of population to the west coast

13. Transcontinental Railroad Union Pacific - Began in Omaha and went west – Central Pacific – Began in Sacramento and went East Railroads met in Utah to form the first trans-continental railroad. Guilty of corruption in their business by overcharging the government Use cheap Chinese labor – conditions were hazardous –low pay – labor was exploited by the wealthy

14. Railroads Had impact on other industries Farming – surplus supplies of grain and animal products could shipped to market faster Towns grew up around junctions of railroads Steel industries grew to supply iron for the building of the railroads Railroads organized their business around owning major supply of raw materials for building and running the railroads as well as owning the railroad company Railroads were the first of the “big” business organizations – led to growth of monopolies

15. Steel Industry Andrew Carnegie made money in the steel industry Used business tactics to drive the competition out of business Introduced new process to make steel cheaper and stronger Leading industry in aiding the spread of the Industrial Revolution

16. John D. Rockefeller Rockefeller, Carnegie, Vanderbilt were called “Robber Barons” because the got wealthy by exploitation and ruthlessness Extreme wealth and lavish lifestyle Held great economic and sometimes political power – caused government to stay out of their business Set prices where they liked, drove competition out of business Part of the Gilded Age -

17. Monopolies and Trusts Trusts are companies that combine for the purpose of reducing competition an controlling prices Monopolies when one company or individual owns and controls all of an industry, a raw material, or a means of production

18. Inventions Thomas Edison – one of the most important inventors in American history Light bulb Motion picture Phonograph Impact on American Life: - first lab set up for scientific experimentation, - created new industries – led to improvements in living conditions and the expansion of factory jobs

19. SSUSH 12 The students will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth. Ellis Island – entry point for inspection of immigrants coming into the U.S. The second major wave of immigration to the U.S. – 25 million new immigrants Changed from Western and Northern Europe to Southern and Eastern Europe Came to escape poverty – persecution -

20. New Immigration Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans Most settled in crowed conditions – tenements for factory workers Settled in urban areas - close to groups of other immigrants from the same country Fear of new immigrants led to new call for restrictions on immigrants Led to nativist movement – favoring the interest of native born people over that of foreign born people

21. American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers Began in 1886 – first successful labor union Samuel Gompers – organizer and first president It is a combination of different unions into one large organization Represented skilled workers (cigar makers) Worked on collective bargaining – to reach agreement on pay, hours, and conditions Successful strikes helped raise the pay and improve the conditions of factory workers

22. Growth of Western Population – Wounded Knee and Sitting Bull As white men moved west to settle – the Native Americans were pushed into smaller and smaller areas The destruction of the buffalo and constant battles with settlers forced them to abandon their traditional plains life

23. Growth of Western Population – Wounded Knee and Sitting Bull Sitting Bull – leader of Hunkpapa Sioux never signed an agreement to move his tribe to a reservation – finally forced to surrender and live on a reservation – Wounded Knee – 300 starving Sioux Indians were killed when a fight broke out between the Calvary and the Indians Brought the Indian Wars to a bitter end

24. Pullman Strike Strikes were often violent Strike begins after the Pullman Company had drastically wages and refused to negotiate with the workers Workers began to strike and sponsored a boycott of Pullman Trains Pullman hired strikebreakers – had the leaders of the strike jailed Workers were fired and blacklisted so that they could not work in the railroad industry again.

25. SSUSH 13 The student will identify major efforts to reform American society and politics in the Progressive Era. Upton Sinclair – wrote “The Jungle” Exposed unsanitary conditions in the Chicago’s meat processing plants “Muckrakers” – named because the raked up the “muck” of the business world Meat Inspection Act – and Pure Food and Drug Act during Teddy Roosevelt’s Administration

26. Social Reforms Ida Tarbell – muckraker – wrote “The History of Standard Oil Company” - Exposed the ruthless business practices of Standard Oil Company Her writing along with others made public aware of abuses occurring in trusted services and companies.

27. Women in Reform Movements Jane Addams – One of the most influential members of the settlement house movement – 19 th century reformer who responded to the call to help the urban poor Part of the reform movement known as Social Gospel – Hull House – settlement house established in Chicago, ILL. - educational, cultural, and social services Instrumental in cultivating social responsibility

28. Need for Civil Rights Reforms Jim Crow- created a racial caste system in the South- Prevented African Americans from voting and created segregated facilities Plessy vs. Ferguson – 1896 – Supreme Court decision that upheld that segregation (separation of the races) was lawful as long as separate facilities were and services equal commonly known as “separate but equal” principle

29. NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Organization founded in 1909 – by W.E. B. DuBois to draw attention to the problem of discrimination and promote full racial equality Founded by a number of African Americans and a number of prominent whites in New York.

30. Progressive Reforms Reforms of Elections Initiative was instrumental in giving citizens the power to create laws. (A bill originated by people rather than by lawmakers on the ballot) Referendum – a vote on the initiative – allows voters to accept or reject the initiative. Recall – enables voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term. Direct Elections – 17 th Amendment – the people would elect U.S. Senator instead of state legislators

31. Labor Laws In response in to poor working conditions – workers organized into labor unions Improved wages, work week, and child labor laws Work place safety standards Minimum age for work

32. SSUSH114 The student will explain American’s evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the century. Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882 law passed by Congress banning entry into the U.S. to all Chinese except – students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials for 10 years Extended in 1902 – repealed in 1943 Response to Nativism -

33. Immigration Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907-1908 – Japan’s government agreed to limit immigration of unskilled workers to the U.S. In exchange for repeal of the San Francisco Segregation Order

34. Spanish American War 1898 – war between U.S. and Spain Helped Cuba to win independence from Spain Other causes include yellow journalism and the De Lome Letter – Direct Cause – U.S. blamed Spain for the explosion that sand the U.S.S. Maine in the harbor of Havana, Cuba War starts in Philippines – colony of Spain and is also fought in the Caribbean Islands

35. Spanish American War Results – Spain freed Cuba and gave Islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the U.S. Sold Philippines to U.S. for $20 million Treaty began great debate of “Imperialism” in the U.S.

36. U.S. in Latin America Roosevelt Corollary was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine The U.S. claim the right to protect its economic economic interest by means of military intervention in the affair of Western Hemisphere nations (North and South America)

37. Panama Canal Panama Canal – built on the isthmus of Panama to provide a short cut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans – 1914 Took over project for the French

38. SSUSh15 The Student will analyze the origins and impact of U.S. involvement in World War I World War I – U.S. remained neutral at beginning of WWI in 1914 German provocation led to U.S. involvement in the war Supported Allied Forces by selling arms and war supplies to Britain and France U.S. enters war in 1917 as a result of …. - Zimmerman Note – note from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance - Sinking of unarmed American merchant ships -

39. War at Home - Impact The Great Migration – large scale movement of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the rural South to factories in the North Job opportunities and to escape the Jim Crow laws of the South

40. War at Home - Impact Espionage and Sedition Act – a person could be fined up to $10 thousand and sentenced up to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or saying any thing disloyal. Targeted socialist and labor leader – such as Eugene B. Debs - a known socialists and labor leader of the IWW – given ten year prison sentence for speaking against the draft

41. Wilson’s Fourteen Points Wilson’s ideas that he wanted included in the WWI peace treaty – included freedom of the seas and League of Nations – first peace keeping organization U.S. never joined the League of Nations because Senate failed to approve treaty

42. Amendments 18 th Amendment – due to the women’s temperance movement – banned the sale, manufacture, and distribution of alcoholic beverages - known as Prohibition 19 th Amendment – Women’s suffrage - gave women the right to vote in 1920 - result of women’s efforts during WWI

43. SSUSH16 The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of WWI Red Scare and the rise of communism and socialism The panic began in the U.S. in 1919 after the communist take over of Russia Communist Party was formed in the U.S. Bomb scare to public officials and business leaders Public became fearful of communist take over Palmer (U.S. Attorney General) took action to combat RED SCARE

44. Immigrant restriction As a result of the Red Scare – the U.S. began a quota system It established the maximum number of people who could enter the U.S. from Europe Greatly limited immigrants from southern and eastern Europe 1927 law reduced the total number to 150,000 in one year

45. Industrial expansion Henry Ford is most noted for the introduction of assembly line which created the emergence of mass production Produced identical items in large quantities Made car affordable Model T was the most popular automobile

46. Harlem Renaissance 1920’s literary and artistic movement celebrating African American culture in Harlem, New York Langston Hughes – was the movement’s best known poet Louis Armstrong – famous jazz artist during this time – known as one of the most important and influential musicians in the history of jazz (played trumpet)

47. Modern forms of Culture Tin Pan Alley (often shortened to TPA) is the name given to the collection of New York City- centered music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century.New York Citymusic publisherssongwriterspopular musicUnited States19th century20th century Irvin Berlin – Composer Mass Media – Radio and movies changed the speed with which people gained information

48. SSUSH17 The student will analyze the causes and consequences of the Great Depression Causes – - Tariffs (to protect American goods) and war debts (WWI) - Over production of farm goods - Availability of easy credit - unequal distribution of income - Stock market speculation and crash

49. Effects of the Great Depression People out of work Rise of shanty towns (Hoovervilles) World economy suffers Bank failures Schools close Hoover begin active governmental involvement too little – too late

50. Dust Bowl Drought – 1930’s wreaked havoc on the Great Plains Farmers had exhausted the land due to over production of crops Grasslands became unsuitable for farming Windstorms picked up millions of tons of dust and carried to East coast cities Dust Bowl consisted of Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Texas and New Mexico People were plagued by dust storms and evictions – most migrated to California and Pacific coast states.

51. Great Depression Great stress on American families Men suffered from unemployment No federal system of direct relief for the needy Working women became targets of enormous resentment Children suffered High suicide rates – neglected medical care

52. SSUSH18 The student will describe Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the depression and compare the ways governmental programs aided those in need. New Deal was a series of programs designed to give direct relief to the needy and to stimulate the economy The first part of the New Deal was in the first 100 days… The second part

53. The New Deal Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) - federal corporation established in 1933 to construct dams and power plants in the Tennessee Valley region Design to generate electricity as well as to prevent floods

54. The New Deal Wagner Act – AKA the National Labor Relations Act – 1935 To protect workers rights Protected rights to join unions and to collective bargaining Could not interfere with union organizing – Set max. hours at 44 per week Set rules for under 16 Ban hazardous work for those under 18

55. The New Deal Social Security Act – most important achievement of New Deal Old age insurance for retirees 65 or older and their spouses. Un-employment compensation system Aid to families with dependent children Aid to disabled

56. Women’s Activism Eleanor Roosevelt – (wife of FDR) instrumental in the Second New Deal Encouraged husband to set up social programs and to appoint women to government positions Traveled to bring attention to social conditions and the suffering of the nation’s people.

57. Challenges to Roosevelt Huey Long (Senator of Louisiana) challenged New Deal policies – proposed a share our wealth program – promised something for everyone Assassinated

58. Challenges to FDR FDR tried to increase the number of Supreme Court justices from 9 to 15 because he wanted to stop the court from interfering with his New Deal policies Not passed by Congress – but many justices did retire or resign – thus he was able to appoint justices that who agree with his policies

59. Challenges to FDR WWII broke out in Europe Neutrality Act – a series of acts passed in 1935-36 to prevent U.S. involvement in arm sales and loans to nations at war.

60. SSUSH 19 The student will identify the origins, major developments, and the domestic impact of WWII, especially, the growth of the federal government. A. Philip Randolph – president and founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porter and the nation’s most respected African American Union Protested discrimination both in the military and in industry March was cancelled when FDR promised to end discrimination in defense industry (Prior to WWII 75% of defense contractors refused to hire African Americans) (15% hired them only as janitors)

61. U.S. entry into WWII Pearl Harbor – Dec.7, 1941 (Hawaii) – largest U.S. naval base in the Pacific Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor without warning – Hoped destroy the ability of the U.S. navy to protect areas of the South Pacific President FDR – called on Congress to declare war on Japan (also declared war on Germany 2 days later)

62. U.S. enters WWII Japanese Internment – (confinement in camps) War Dept. called for the mass evacuation of all Japanese Americans – to be placed in camps Occurred in Hawaii, California, Washington, Oregon, and Arizona Justified as a necessary for national security Placed in remote relocation centers – 2/3 were people who were born in this country. No charges had been filed against them – no evidence against them – forced to sell homes and property for less than true value German and Italian Americans also faced discrimination

63. U.S. enters WWII Lend Lease Program - Prior to our entry into WWII Allowed the U.S. to ship arms and supplies to nations fighting the AXIS powers “Arsenal of Democracy” Allied Powers were Great Britain, France, USSR and U.S. (and many others Axis Powers – Germany, Italy, Japan

64. Major Battles WWII Midway – Major naval battle on strategic island in Pacific Turning point in the Pacific War Allied Victory – ended the power of the Japanese Navy

65. Major Battles D-Day - June 6, 1944 Largest invasion force ever assembled Allied invasion code name Operation Overlord Allies invaded Europe and began a push to liberate France and the rest of Europe from German forces

66. Major Battles May 1945 – fighting across Europe pushed the German army back into Germany Soviets came from the west into Germany Rest of Allies came from the East to attack Berlin Hitler commits suicide – leads to VE DAY May 8 th Germany surrenders to Allies

67. Getting ready for war Selective Service – draft was expanded Factories were converted from civil products to making war materials War Production Board created to manage the economy Great Depression ends as factories produce war materials Women – served in special units of the armed services and took the place of men in the work force By the end of the war - women made up 1/3 of the work force

68. The Atomic Bomb Los Alamos – The Manhattan Project was the code name FDR – created the Office of Scientific Research and Development Their most important achievement was the production of the Atomic Bomb Decision to use the bomb was based on the belief that the bomb would save American lives over a land invasion of Japan Forced the surrender of the Japanese Sept. 1945

69. Atomic Bomb Some people believed that the use of the bomb was also necessary to show USSR that we would have the power to defend Europe from the spread of Communism

70. Standards 20-25 The majority of the information in these standards are not tested on the GHSGT. They may be included in the State End of Course Test

71. Cold War Name given to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for influence in the world after WWII. Soviet Union set up Communist governments in Eastern Europe

72. Europe

73. Cold War Containment Policy – belief that the best way to keep Communism out of Europe was to confront the Russians wherever they tried to spread their power Truman Doctrine – stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism

74. Cold War Marshall Plan – Introduced by Secretary of State George Marshall (1947) Proposed massive American economic aid to Europe Hoped to rebuild them and prevent the spread of Communism

75. Cold War North Atlantic Treaty Organization – member nations agreed to fight for each other if attacked. (opposed Communism) Warsaw Pact – to oppose NATO – Soviets formed a military alliance with nations of Eastern Europe

76. Cold War Fall of China (Mao Zedong) Mao led Communists in China during Civil War after WWII against Chiang Kai-Shek The Communist won in 1949 Chiang Kai-Shek forced to flee and set up rival government in Taiwan

77. Korean War After WWII – Korea divided along the 38 th parallel Northern part controlled by Soviet Union – set up Communist government Southern part controlled by U.S. –set up a democratic government 1950 North invaded the South in an attempt to take over

78. Korean War The United Nations formed an international army – led by the U.S. – to stop the North War ends in truce Stopped spread of Communism to S. Korea Communism continued to be a threat in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia

79. Cold War and Communism Senator Joseph McCarthy – gained national attention by claiming that Communists had infiltrated the State Department Created a “red scare” by his accusations of Communist activity in all levels of government Later discredited when he could not prove his accusations

80. Baby Boom 1946 to 1960 huge population growth Levittown was one of the first massive suburbs built for the baby boomers. Interstate Highway Act - under Pres. Eisenhower – built a system of highways across the U.S.

81. Baby Boom Led to an economic boom as people began to demand new products Televisions became very popular First televised presidential debate was between Richard Nixon and John Kennedy John Kennedy won a narrow victory because he did better in the debates on television

82. Arms Race to the Space Race Competition between the United States and the Soviet Union led to the race to outer space 1957 The Soviets launched “Sputnik” – the first satellite in space This sparked the growth of the American Space program Eisenhower encouraged more science and math in the schools systems

83. Arms Race U.S. created larger and more deadly atomic and nuclear weapons. The Soviet Union kept pace with U.S. production of weapons Competition to build more bombs than the other

84. Cuban Revolution 1959 Fidel Castro overthrows the government of Cuba and established a communist government with the help of the Soviets

85. Bay of Pigs 1960 – Kennedy becomes President CIA get permission to carry out plan to help Cuban exiles (those who left Cuba) to overthrow Castro – It was a failure – Kennedy is embarrassed by the disaster Soviets believe that they are stronger than U.S.

86. Cuban Missile Crisis U.S. spy plane spot missile bases being built in Cuba Soviets are planning to deliver nuclear missiles to the base U.S. threatens action unless Soviet ships turn around and the bases are destroyed. U.S. uses a naval blockade around Cuba Soviets back down and remove missiles

87. Vietnam War France ruled Vietnam and treated the people badly The revolt led by Ho Chi Minh – 1954 the Vietminh defeated the French in the North and split the country Anti-communist government supported by the United States controlled the south

88. Vietnam War Ngo Dinh Diem - the leader of South Vietnam was corrupt A rebel group –the Vietcong – formed in the South to defeat Diem – The communist North under Ho Chi Minh support the Vietcong. Diem was assassinated

89. Vietnam War Johnson becomes President and continues to support the new leader of South Vietnam Wanted to stop the spread of communism from the North into the South The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave President Johnson more military power to go to war

90. Vietnam War 1965 the war escalates U.S. unable to defeat the North Vietnamese and the Vietcong 1. fighting style – hit and run (guerilla) 2. Vietcong refused to surrender 3. Unable to win the support of the Vietnamese people

91. Vietnam War 1968 Tet Offensive – North Vietnamese launched a massive attack on several major cities in the South Even though the U.S and South Vietnamese forces were able to defend the areas – it turned public against the war Protests at home became even more vocal as people began to refuse to serve in the war

92. Anti-war protests 1968 Pres. Johnson decided not to run for re- election Protests spread across college campuses Kent State – 4 demonstrators were killed Richard Nixon is elected on the promise that he will end the war

93. Vietnam War 1974 – U.S. pulls out of South Vietnam 1975 – South Vietnam is over run by the communist North

94. Opposition to the War Some Americans objected to U.S. involvement in Vietnam. – Stressed repressive character of the South Vietnamese government – Objected to massive aerial bombings, to the use of napalm and defoliants and the killing of civilians by American troops – Deplored the heavy loss of life—58,000 American dead – Resulting deficits forced the government to borrow huge sums of money, causing interest rates to soar and pushing prices higher.

95. Civil Rights Movement 1948 President Truman ordered that all areas of the military and the federal government be desegregated as rapidly as possible Marked a period of increased activity in civil rights

96. Civil Rights Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas – declared that separate but equal was unconstitutional Ordered desegregation of all schools

97. Civil Rights Montgomery Bus Boycott – Rosa Parks Central High School – Little Rock, Arkansas – military used to enforce integration laws Freedom Riders – rode through out the South on buses to integrate segregated bus stops and lunch counters MLK Jr. “I Have A Dream” speech

98. Civil Rights Civil Rights Act 1964 outlaws most forms of discrimination in the United States Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated most barriers designed to limit African-American voting Racism was a major problem Violence and police brutality were common MLK, Jr. assassinated

99. Civil Rights Movement “I Have a Dream” speech 1963 supporting a non-violent approach to achieving civil rights. “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” MLK answers criticism for his involvement in Alabama as an “outsider” – states that he wants to fight injustice wherever it exists – he was arrested for participating in a march. Worked to unify groups in a common cause

100. Civil Rights Southern Christian Leaderships Conference (SCLC) – Led by MLK – coalition of churches and Christian organizations who worked for a nonviolent answer to civil rights problems Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) – a student civil rights movement that organized voter registration drives SNCC – later followed the Black Power movement – sit ins – protests – some violence

101. Civil Rights Jackie Robinson became the first African American to integrate baseball

102. Women in the 1960’s National Organization for Women – Betty Frieden, a reform organization that battled for equal rights with men, employment opportunities, pay, ERA, divorce laws and legal abortion

103. The Warren Court Miranda Decision – expanded rights of the accused – Right to an attorney- gave even more rights Very liberal court

104. Assassination of Pres. Kennedy November 22, 1963 Many civil rights programs began under Kennedy had to be completed by L.B. Johnson

105. Lyndon Johnson Program was called “the Great Society” Started a “war on poverty” Created Medicare and Medicaid Spending on the Vietnam war limited the “war on poverty” Led to deficit spending and expanded the role of government in everyday life

106. 1968 – a very bad year Johnson decides not to run for President because of unpopular war in Vietnam Martin L. King, Jr. is assassinated Robert Kennedy decides to run for President and is assassinated Democratic National Convention – sight of riots and protests

107. United Farm Workers Movement Cesar Chavez organized Latino migrant workers Wanted to improve working conditions and pay Called for a nation wide boycott of grapes Led to successful negotiations

108. Environment “Silent Spring” Rachel Carson – Marine biologist wrote about DDT and the food chain- and harming humans – led to the banning of DDT Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established to regulate pollution of the environment and set standards for health and safety.

109. Conservative Movement in Politics Richard Nixon – tried to decrease the power of the government Followed “law and order” policies to stop riots and protests

110. Richard M. Nixon China – visited in order to open trade talks and to improve relations Watergate Scandal – Nixon will be forced to resign because he was involved in an attempt to cover up the burglary at the Democratic National Headquarters He resigned to avoid impeachment

111. President Gerald R. Ford Nixon resigns to avoid being impeached Ford becomes President and gives Nixon a Presidential Pardon for any crimes he may have done The Watergate Scandal led to distrust of the Presidency

112. Supreme Court Decisions Increase the rights of citizens Roe V. Wade- allowed women to decide if they wanted an abortion

113. Affirmative Action – giving special treatment to minorities Bakke decision – reverse discrimination – a young white man was denied admission to a medical school even though he had better scores than some minority applicants who had been admitted under affirmative action Courts ruled that schools could not make decisions based on race Affirmative action was a quota system that required colleges to admit a certain percentage of minorities even if they were not as qualified as white applicants

114. President Jimmy Carter Troubled by crisis in the Middle East Worked to bring peace to the region Camp David Accords – helped create a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt

115. Jimmy Carter – Middle East 1979 – The Shah of Iran was overthrown by an Islamic leader (Ayatollah Khomeini) Carter allowed the Shah to come to the United States for treatment of Cancer Angry Iranians took 52 Americans hostage and held them for 444 days Carter was unable to get them released

116. President Ronald Reagan The hostages were freed minutes after Reagan took the oath of office. Reagan tried to reduce the size of the government Reagonomics – policy that cutting taxes would motivate people to work, save, and invest. The economy grew

117. President Ronald Reagan End of the Cold War The Soviet Union Collapsed because of economic problems – former republics became independent Russia and the United States agreed to decrease nuclear weapons by 75%

118. President Ronald Reagan The Iran-Contra affair was a political scandal which was revealed in November 1986 as a result of earlier events during the Reagan administration. It began as an operation to increase U.S.-Iranian relations, wherein Israel would ship weapons to a moderate, politically influential group of Iranians opposed to the Ayatollah Khomeini; the U.S. would reimburse Israel for those weapons and receive payment from Israel. The moderate Iranians agreed to do everything in their power to achieve the release of six U.S. hostages, who were being held by Hezbollah. The plan eventually deteriorated into an arms-for-hostages scheme, in which members of the executive branch sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of the American hostages, without the direct authorization of President Ronald Reagan.political scandalReagan administrationIsraelAyatollah KhomeiniHezbollahexecutive branchIranRonald Reagan

119. Bill Clinton North America Free Trade Agreement It provided for free trade between United States, Mexico, and Canada. The Republican Party controlled both houses of Congress – and often opposed his programs Impeached for lying about his association with a young female – he was acquitted by the Senate

120. 2000 Presidential Election George W. Bush won the election based on the number of electoral votes even though Al Gore actually had more popular votes. The election results was held up due disputed ballots in Florida – the Supreme Court put an end to recounts Later recounts showed that Bush did win Florida.

121. Sept. 11, 2001 Terrorists attach New York and Washington Bush began waging war against terrorist networks in Afghanistan and Iraq. The war was successful in eliminating the Taliban in Afghanistan. Iraq has established a democratic government but has yet to end the fighting by insurgents.

122. Web Links to practice tests for U.S. History and Government http://www.cowetaschools.org/nhs/testing/histo ry/sstest.htm http://www.cowetaschools.org/nhs/testing/histo ry/sstest.htm WWW.linkstolearning.com Username: effinghamhs Password: 8692