1. Elusive Eden: A New History of California, fourth edition
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: BEGINNINGS OF MODERN CALIFORNIA

2. POPULATION
California's population growth rate slowed post-gold rush
= 865,000
= 1.5 million
transcontinental rr ended Cal's isolation from rest of US
No Cal pop, economy grew fastest
So Cal primitive, lawless image persisted

3. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Pop grew slowly
SF pop 56,000
--all of So Cal pop less than 30,000
1846 LA pop 1200
--Mormon farmers settled San Bernardino 1840s
--American entrepreneurs invested in LA
--Elias J. ("Lucky") Baldwin came in gold rush, bought land

4. --future governor John G
--future governor John G. Downey, Phineas Banning built San Pedro port, town
Californio rancheros in decline
--1850s did well: beef prices high
--1860s disastrous: newcomers from Southwest moved in
--droughts killed herds
--sheep ranchers competed for pasture

5. Los Angeles population grew
= 1,600
= 4,400
= 5,700
San Diego population grew
= 2,300
1870 only 20,000 in all of Los Angeles, San Diego counties
--Majority Hispanic
--Americans dominated positions of political, social, economic power

6. 1850s towns competed for railroad
rrs key to population growth, economic development
--Los Angeles, San Diego main competitors for Central, Southern Pacific Railroad routes
--residents believed port central to rr decision-making

7. LA couldn't compete with San Diego's natural harbor
--rr-harbor link crucial to Asian, Pacific rim trade
Phineas Banning built rr link from LA to coast
--built market town of Wilmington
--improved harbor

8. 1850s Congress debating southern transcontinental route
--San Diegans lobbied for New Orleans-San Diego route
--formed rr company to build
Civil War, Pacific RR Act delayed construction
--San Diego's hopes for southern rr route revived mid-1860s

9. --leader Union general William S. Rosecrans
--support from Congress, John C. Frémont, Pennsylvania Central RR, and Central Pacific RR
1865 San Diego group, San Francisco syndicate formed Southern Pacific Railway Company
--incorporation papers required coastal route San Francisco to San Diego
Central Pacific took over company

10. --taking advantage of federal public land grants
--planned to build south across Coast Range, through San Joaquin Valley to southern California, then east to Colorado River to connect with southern transcontinental route
--mountains stopped construction at Tres Piños, south of Hollister
1871, Rosecrans, San Diego group organized California Southern Coast Railway Company

11. --also intended to link SF, San Diego
--rival rr if CP built north-south route
--if CP didn't, Rosecrans would control coastal traffic and build to San Joaquin Valley, link San Diego to CP's transcontinental route

12. 1870s Los Angeles leaders promoted rail connection
--courted Central Pacific
--courted Texas Pacific
--moot point: CP controlled construction
--CP anxious to consolidate transportation into, in California

13. --abandoned coast route
--built towards San Joaquin River Valley
--building towards entry points at Needles, Yuma
1876 Los Angelenos resumed negotiations with CP
--promised CP $610,000 subsidy
--gave rights to P. Banning's LA-San Pedro RR
--gave land for depot in LA
1884 CP reorganized as Southern Pacific Railroad Company

14. CP built 50-mi trunk line to LA
--Left San Diego out

15. POPULATION: THE "ONE GREAT DESIDERATUM"
1876 LA rail connection completed
population doubled
economic base shifted
ranchers shifted to feed lots
California Cotton Growers and Manufacturers Association planted 10,000 acres cotton near Bakersfield
--imported black southerners

16. Citrus growers expanded
Department of Agriculture introduced Brazil's Bahia naval ("Washington" navel)
two Bahia trees near Riverside
--by 1890 more than 1 million
Central Valley wheat production expanded
nd largest wheat grower after Minnesota

17. San Francisco expanded manufacturing, commerce
CP/SP launched media campaign
--thousands of acres to sell
--published books, pamphlets about So Cal
Charles Nordhoff, “California for Health, Pleasure and Residence”
B.C. Truman, “Homes and Happiness in the Golden State of California”

18. CP/SP ran "emigrant cars" from Midwest
--financed travelers' aid offices
--hired interpreters for foreign-born settlers
statewide associations promoted immigration
--California Migrant Union
--Pacific Land Bureau
--Los Angeles Board of Trade founded Southern California Immigration Association

19. advertised better health in Cal
--results disappointing
--Cal too far, too expensive
--other states had same campaigns
Cal agriculture depended on irrigation

20. THE "BOOM OF THE '80S"
RR competition boosted population
1880s Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe built into California
reached Needles
San Bernardino
Los Angeles
--bought intra-state lines
--prompted rate war with CP

21. --before 1887 CP fare KC to LA $125
--after 1887 cut in half, then half again
skeptics lured west for visit
--some returned home
--many stayed
developers, land speculators promoted So Cal
--purchased land
--subdivided tracts, laid out towns
--publicity, picnics, barbecues lured buyers
--rampant fraud

22. Now So Cal pop grew quickly
--60 new towns
--80,000 acres developed
LA pop +50,000
" " 100,000
" " 300,000

23. speculative boom collapsed 1889
--many paper fortunes lost
So Cal economy recovered after brief recession
--established banks, businesses survived
So Cal culturally different from northern California
--No Cal shaped by global gold rush

24. Fewer foreign-born residents in So Cal
Europeans 15 percent of total pop
--" Asians 2 percent " "
--" Mexicans less than 1 percent " "
--black Americans, Californios, Indians each about 2 percent of total LA pop
Age, gender distribution closer to national norm
men for every 100 women
men " "

25. many newcomers from Midest
--politically conservative
--many Protestant, Republican

26. THE FIRST OIL BOOM
1870s-1880s So Cal narrow economic base
--agriculture
--real estate speculation
--service industries
--retail trade

27. LA entrepreneurs tried to lure manufacturers to city
--organized Home Industry Protection League
--Society for the Promotion of Manufactures
--far behind SF in manufacturing, investment, employment
--industrial development related to agriculture, cattle raising
--food processing, canning
--meat packing

28. 1880s, 1890s oil discoveries transformed So Cal economy
--eventually more valuable than gold
earlier settlers used petroleum
--Indians waterproofed boats, baskets
--Spaniards, Mexicans sealed roofs
--used for lamp oil

29. 1859 E. L. Drake perfected mass-extraction technology
--drilled first well in western Pennsylvania
1860s, 1870s Californians searched for oil
--R. S. Baker explored near Los Angeles
--Phineas Banning, Pioneer Oil Company " " "

30. 1857 George S. Gilbert opened Ventura County oil refinery
--moderately successful
--attracted Thomas A. Scott of Pennsylvania Railroad
--purchased Rancho Ojai
--organized as California Petroleum Company
--eventually held over 250,000 acres

31. 1865 San Francisco capitalists organized Union Mattole Oil Company
--sunk Cal's first oil well
--Petrolia, Humboldt County
oil drilling expensive, unprofitable
--eastern companies drove down prices
--Cal crude poor quality
--by companies invested $1M in 60 wells
--produced 5,000 barrels worth $10,000

32. BLACK GOLD
Wildcatters like gold prospectors
--hard to abandon chase
1883 Pennsylvanians Lyman Stewart, Wallace L. Hardison drilled at Newhall
--explored 3 years
--began refining
--brought in Thomas R. Bard for $$

33. 1886 Bard, Stewart, Hardison founded Sespe Oil Company
produced 50,000 barrels of oil
--15 percent of state total
organized Union Oil Company of California
--produced ¼ of state output

34. Union Oil expanded
--established refineries at San Pedro, Oleum (Carquinez Strait)
--built own tankers, pipelines
--vertical integration: avoided railroad rates
--developed oil fields San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Kern, LA county
--by 1900 largest, most successful petroleum company in California

35. Pacific Coast Oil Company grew through 1890s
--centered in Bay Area
1892 Edward L. Doheny triggered "backyard" oil boom
--hand-dug producing well near La Brea Tar Pits
1900, John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil) acquired Pacific Coast Oil
renamed it Standard Oil of California
--building horizontal, vertical monopoly

36. Southern Pacific, Santa Fe railway companies invested in petroleum production
--additional profits from landholdings
--after 1900, Southern Pacific switched from coal-burning to oil-burning engines

37. corporations quickly replaced individual wildcatters
--small operators couldn't compete with Rockefeller's Standard Oil
--flooded local markets with cheap oil
--drove competitors out of business
--forced to sell to Rockefeller

38. Cal crude unique
--asphaltum-based product
--Pennsylvania's paraffin-based
--Cal crude required more processing
--Cal crude ideal as paving material
--gasoline byproduct of oil refining
--originally thrown away
--automobiles made gasoline most profitable petroleum product

39. FIGHTING AGAINST MONOPOLY
California politics mirrored national trends
growth of corporate power, economic monopolies troubling
size, regional nature of corporations put beyond local control
"Granger cases" tested limits of state power over corporations
Munn v. Illinois (1877) affirmed principle
--later U.S. Supreme Court cases limited regulation

40. 1887 Congress created Interstate Commerce Commission
--intended to regulate businesses that crossed state lines (e.g., rrs)
1890 Congressed passed Sherman Antitrust Act
--authorized government to break up monopolies
--measure too weak to be effective

41. Farmers organized against rrs
--freight rates robbed of profits
--shippers paid more in West than East
Californians focused on Southern Pacific monopoly
--land speculation (Mussel Slough)
--tax evasion
--efforts to control political process

42. 1879 constitution created Railroad Commission
--authority to set uniform freight rates
--valued property for taxation
--Southern Pacific infiltrated commission
Southern Pacific shaped California politics
--most Republicans opposed corporate regulation
--small faction led anti-RR wing of party

43. --e. g. , anti-RR Republican Thomas R
--e.g., anti-RR Republican Thomas R. Bard successfully ran for US Senate
--former Republican senator Cornelius Cole led anti-rr faction
Most Democrats favored regulation
--small faction sided with rr
--e.g., John P. Irish, editor of Oakland Times, San Francisco Alta California

44. --U.S. Supreme Court justice Stephen J. Field
majority of Californians supported rr regulation
--LA leaders Reginaldo Del Valle, Stephen Mallory White
--No Cal leaders Barclay Henley, George Hearst, Chris Buckley
--SF consistently anti-rr

45. 1880s fight centered on taxation
--CP sued to avoid assessments under 1879 Constitution
--CP sued San Mateo, Santa Clara, other counties to avoid taxes

46. 1882, 1883 tax cases reached federal courts
--Justice Stephen J. Field sided with rr
--case precedent setting: defined corporation as legal "person"
--invested corporations with rights under Fourteenth Amendment
--RR allowed to set its own tax rates

47. 1884 Governor George Stoneman took action
--called special legislative session
--supposed to find means of collecting unpaid taxes
--Republicans, pro-railroad Democrats defeated each measure

48. 1884 California Democrats held state convention
--wrote anti-monopoly platform
--nominated only anti-monopoly candidates
--drummed pro-rr candidates out of party
--refused to support Field nomination for president

49. split state Democrats
--elected Democratic governor, Washington Bartlett
--lost control of state legislature to Republicans
Republican legislature elected Leland Stanford to US Senate

50. POLITICAL CHANGE IN THE 1890S
RRs only part of the problem
Californians swept up in national political arguments
Cal voted against tariff-lowering Democrat Grover Cleveland
--Many Cal business leaders favored higher protective tariffs
--feared cheaper foreign importers

51. Many Californians favored inflationary military policies, free silver
Arrival of Santa Fe broke Southern Pacific monopoly
--blunted business leaders' enthusiasm for corporate regulation
--brought in "tenderfoot vote" : Midwestern evangelical Republicans
--congregated in So Cal
--reshaped Cal politics

52. Californians secured several important reforms
state legislature approved Australian secret-ballot law
legislature sent Democrat Stephen M. White to U S Senate
--replaced Republican Leland Stanford
passed Purity of Elections Law
--required candidates to submit detailed financial reports

53. crafted systems to regulate municipal franchises
Californians also won rr battles
Railroad Reassessment Act compelled Southern Pacific to pay $2.2 million in overdue taxes
--secured publicly controlled port at Los Angeles
--defeated Southern Pacific "Funding Bill"

54. THE FREE HARBOR FIGHT AND FUNDING BILL
LA businessmen developed harbor at San Pedro
--Phineas Banning built facilities, town at Wilmington
secured Congressional funds for harbor improvements
--inadequate for ocean-going vessels
--breakwater key to LA's economic future
--local financial resources not enough

55. construction required federal aid
1890 U S Army Corps of Engineers studied potential LA harbor sites
--chose San Pedro for breakwater
--rejected Santa Monica site
--recommended $4 million federal appropriation
Collis P. Huntington owned most of Santa Monica waterfront
--purchased for Southern Pacific RR
--rail + port powerful monopoly

56. 1892 Collis P. Huntington pressured Congress for second survey
--second survey also chose San Pedro
--final 1896 legislation appropriated a $2.9 million for Santa Monica breakwater
Harrison Gray Otis, other Angelenos organized Los Angeles Free Harbor League
--Senator Stephen M. White lobbied against 1896 bill

57. third study selected San Pedro
--Congress amended bill
construction began
LA became key port
--handles 2/3 of state's shipping

58. Funding Bill even more important to Southern Pacific
owed fed $28 million for transcontinental rr
--funds due 1899
1878 CP required to bank portion of revenues from lines built with fed funds for repayment
--CP refused
--cooked books
--argued loans were gifts
--said repayment would bankrupt company

59. 1896 Huntington friends introduced Funding Bill
--extended term of loan 100 years
--reduced interest rate from 6% to 1%
Californians outraged
--SF's Populist mayor Adolph Sutro lobbied against Bill
--William Randolph Hearst produced 200,000 signature petition
--bankruptcy ideal: US would nationalize rr

60. January 1897 Congress voted down Funding Bill
company didn't collapse
--repaid debt in full
--major defeat for Hungtington

61. AGRARIAN REVOLT
1890s, anti-corporate feeling widespread nationally
Wage earners organized against corporate power
--Noble Order of the Knights of Labor
--American Federation of Labor

62. farmers dissatisfied
--over production
--high rr freight rates
--low commodities prices
federal government little help
--tariffs protected manufacturers, hurt farmers
--no protection for farm prices
--deflationary monetary policies hurt borrowers

63. 1867 Midwestern farmers organized Patrons of Husbandry
--pressured state legislatures to regulate rrs
--federal courts struck down
Midwestern Farmers' Alliances entered national politics
farmers, wage earners agreed on fundamental reforms
--nationalization of rrs, telephone, telegraph, utilities

64. --inflationary monetary policies
--direct democracy measures
1892 Populists held first national convention
--unlimited coinage of silver
--woman suffrage
--eight-hour work day
--public ownership of utilities
--national banking and sub-treasury systems

65. captured several state governments, elected representatives to Congress
1896 Populists campaigned for White House
nominated James B. Weaver
--positions too similar to Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan
--Populists joined Bryan campaign
--lost to Republican William McKinley
--destroyed Populist party
--goals later adopted by "progressives"

66. Populism in California
Agrarian revolt shaped California politics
--winter of 1889–1890 destroyed crops
,000 unemployed just in San Francisco
Southern Pacific defeated regulatory legislation
failure of parties to defeat monopoly fostered third party organization

67. 1888 Edward Bellamy novel Looking Backward sparked Nationalist movement
--advocated nationalization of transportation, communications, utilities
--solution to gap between rich and poor
Nationalist clubs formed around country
--esp. popular in Cal
club in Oakland first

68. clubs in Cal
members
--appealed to men, women, wage earners, businessmen, socialists
--Cal had third of all US clubs

69. most Nationalists eventually switched to Farmers' Alliance
--Santa Barbara group organized late 1890
--also attractive to Grangers, anti-monopolists, currency reformers, disaffected Republicans
--former Republican U.S. Senator Cornelius Cole joined

70. 1890 Farmers' Alliance held first state convention at San Jose
--organized as California Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union
--elected Ventura County rancher, Democrat Marion Cannon president
--criticized monopoly, Wall Street, corrupt politicians
--by ,000 members in 34 counties
--representatives met at Los Angeles

71. decided to mount candidates for office
--renamed People's Party of California
--especially popular among Republicans
1892 People's Party of California attended national convention
--voted for Weaver, Omaha platform
--helped reelect Democrat Grover Cleveland

72. state elections Populists took majority of legislature
--sent Populist (Marion Cannon) to Congress
1893 Cal Populists, Democrats successful coalition
--passed political reforms
--elected Stephen M. White to US Senate

73. 1894 high point for Cal Populists
--rallied northern, Central Valley agricultural districts
--elected anti-monopolist Democrat James H. Budd governor
--elected Adolph Sutro SF mayor
Populists disintegrated after 1896
--William Jennings Bryan defeated
--Pullman Strike stirred mistrust of reformers

74. by 1898 Populists absorbed by socialists, Democrats, Republicans
despite victories, Populists, Alliances had little effect on Southern Pacific
--William F. Herrin of SoPac Political Bureau secured elections of friendly legislatures
--helped elect one pro-rr governor after another: Henry T. Gage (1898); George C. Pardee (1902): James N. Gillett (1906)

75. But Populists effective in engaging nation on the need for political reform
Populist ideas that were radical in 1870s were commonsense by 1900

76. The Urban Scene: Prelude to Progressivism
changes in cities inspired reform schemes
midcentury "walking cities" overwhelmed by immigration, industrialization
San Francisco perfect example
--walking city of 35,000 in 1856
--transformed by streetcars in 1870s

77. --municipal functions still those of walking city
--political bosses filled void
SF charter campaigns efforts to fix city problems
Mayor William Alvord city charter campaign failed
--next four re-charter campaigns failed

78. campaigns identified "good government" essentials
--home rule (minimal interference from Sacramento)
--strong mayor, weak board of supervisors
--public ownership of utilities
--guidelines for municipal contracts, franchises

79. 1893 SF businessmen organized Merchants' Association
drafted new, unpopular city charter
--attacked by local Labor Council, teachers, small businessmen
--Catholic Church criticized Protestant influence in public schools
--party insiders criticized elimination of voting by wards

80. SF voters rejected 1896 Merchants Association charter
businessman, recharter advocate James Duval Phelan elected mayor
Phelan appointed new committee
--drafted new city charter
--overcame opposition through special elections on charter issues
--illegally closed polls early

81. 1898 SF voters narrowly approved new charter
Equally contentious good government campaign in Los Angeles
--RRs still dominated local politics
John Randolph Haynes organized Direct Legislation League
--campaigned for new charter
--voters rejected in 1900

82. 1901 reorganized as Good Government League
--Haynes led second campaign
--direct democracy advocate
--built coalition of businessmen, labor leaders, socialists, Bellamyites
--drafted city charter based on National Municipal League model
--Times publisher Harrison Gray Otis labeled League members "goo-goos"

83. 1903 LA voters approved new city charter
--shared with SF charter emphasis on efficiency, expertise, and corporate management
first US city to institute Populist reforms: initiative, referendum, recall
Angelenos recalled pro-rr city councilman
--LA Express publisher Edwin T. Earl published exposé of rr influence in government

84. 1906 Dickson, goo-goos formed Non-Partisan Committee of 100
--nominated slate of candidates for city office
--all won except mayor candidate
launched recall of winner
--mayor Arthur C. Harper resigned first
--almost first US mayor to be recalled from office

85. Pre-Progressive Women
gender imbalance of 1850s, 1860s evened out in 1880s
jobs attracted young working women to SF, LA
--faced gender barriers in work, school, politics
Feb. 18, 1868 Laura deForce Gordon gave state's first woman suffrage speech in public hall
--co-founded California State Woman Suffrage Society

86. 1869 San Joaquin Independent Party nominated Gordon for state legislature
--used campaign to discuss women's rights
Clara Shortridge Foltz approached from different direction
--divorced mother of 5 looking for work
--decided to study law
--pointless if could not practice

87. 1876 Foltz submitted amendment to state civil code
--"Any citizen or person resident of this state who has bona fide declared his or her intention to become a citizen in the manner required by law, of the age of twenty-one years, of good moral character, and who possesses the necessary qualifications of learning and ability, is entitled to admission as attorney and counselor in all the Courts of this state."

88. --friendly senator agreed to propose to legislature
Senate Bill 66, "Woman Lawyer's Bill," passed by narrow margin
--governor signed it last hour of last day as governor
--statute granted California women access to professions equal to men's

89. September 1878 Foltz admitted to California state bar
1879 Foltz, Laura deForce Gordon sued Hastings College of Law
--college denied admission to female students
--Foltz argued and won suit
##s of women in professions grew slowly
--1890s women owned fewer than 5 percent of LA, SF businesses

90. women confined to historically "feminine" occupations
--e.g., dressmakers, milliners, innkeepers
--few female lawyers
Medicine slightly more receptive
--seemed to fit women's caregiver role
University of California Medical School accepted Lucy Wanzer
University of Southern California School of Medicine graduated first woman doctor

91. By 1890 women 10% of Los Angeles doctors, 10% of SF Cooper Medical College students
nursing evolving as female profession
Dr. Charlotte Amanda Brown, SF women organized Pacific Dispensary for Women and Children
--evolved into San Francisco Hospital for Children and Training School for Nurses

92. By 1900 women staffed almost all elementary classes in SF, LA
--salaries ½ of male teachers
SF Irish immigrant Kate Kennedy campaigned for "equal pay for equal work"
legislature mandated compensation based on qualifications, performance
--less education, training meant women teachers still paid less than men

93. 1900 new white-collar occupations for women
--clerks, stenographers, librarians
--jobs abandoned by men
Women's wages lower in Los Angeles than San Francisco
--women's labor orgs strong in SF
SF workers organized Ladies Assembly of the Knights of Labor
--1890s Co-operative Shirtmakers of the Pacific Coast, Steam Laundry Workers, Glove Makers, Bottle Caners

94. --Like working men, women workers, unions consistently anti-Chinese
Elite urban women organized for political, moral reform
--temperance, social purity
1880s LA women Friday Morning Club
--started as literary club
--evolved into political pressure group

95. Clubwomen projects often focused on women and children
--kindergartens
--juvenile justice systems
--affordable housing for working women
1900 California Federation of Women's Clubs founded
--connected California clubwomen to national federation
--state's largest women's association

96. --elected state officers, committees
--staged annual conventions
--published books, newsletters
1890 journalists, writers, and publishers founded Pacific Coast Women's Press Association
for some women, reform, community service a kind of career
--Phoebe Apperson Hearst mainstay of SF women's organizations

97. --funded kindergartens, teacher training programs, university scholarships
1878 Kate Douglas Wiggin established Cal's first free kindergarten
1890s Donaldina Cameron ran mission for Chinese prostitutes
1894 elite Jewish women organized SF's Emanu-El Sisterhood for Personal Service
--settlement house for Russian Jewish immigrants

98. 1895 UC Berkeley faculty organized South Park settlement
LA's Mary Julia Workman organized Roman Catholic women in social welfare work
Women of color organized for community service, personal improvement
1884 Mary Tape sued SF over school segregation
--won suit, but SF opened separate Chinese school

99. --After Page Act, Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese women used courts to gain entry, fight deportation
Cal Native women organized for self-protection
--1871–1872 Kashaya Pomo, Wappo, Coast and Lake Miwok tribes adopted Bole Maru (dream dance) cult
--similar to Ghost Dancers of Great Plains

100. 1912-1943 Annie Jarvis head Dreamer for Kashaya Pomo
--stressed Indian nationalism, isolationism, outlawed intermarriage with non-Indians, forbade gambling and drinking, halted removal of Indian children to government boarding schools

101. African American women organized for community, self-improvement
founded Oakland's Fanny Jackson Coppin Club
--offered social, educational events
--built, operated Home for Aged and Infirm Colored People

102. Black clubwomen demanded equality with white clubwomen
--National Federation of Women's Clubs held 1902 convention in LA
--refused to include black groups
--black clubwomen founded separate federation: California Association of Colored Women's Clubs
women's 19th, 20th c experiences as workers, activists informed 20th c suffrage campaigns

103. Coronado Hotel and Balboa Park, San Diego
San Diego ultimately placed second in its rivalry with Los Angeles during the 1870s and 1880s, but it, too, became an important southern California city. Resorts such as the luxurious Coronado Hotel (top), built in 1887, introduced a thriving tourist industry. Economic and cultural development continued, and by the early 1900s the city was ready to build beautiful Balboa Park (below) to challenge San Francisco for the right to host the Panama-Pacific Exposition of Bancroft Library.

105. Downtown Los Angeles, circa 1905
Although the “Boom of the ’80s” was brief, it began the process that made Los Angeles a bustling city by the turn of the century. The Hollenbeck Building stands at a busy intersection, surrounded by pedestrians and trolleys, which transported residents to Hollywood, Griffith Park, and other regions of the already-sprawling metropolis. Henry E. Huntington Library.

106. Early Oil Well
In 1877, Carleton E. Watkins photographed one of California’s earliest oil-drilling rigs, Pico No. 4, near Newhall. The petroleum industry was then in its infancy and still something of a curiosity. Henry E. Huntington Library.

107. William Randolph Hearst
Courtesy of the Bancroft Library.

108. ANNA MORRISON REED: "THE CALIFORNIA GIRL"
Anna Morrison Reed went to wine regions to demonstrate support for the growers’ fight against prohibitionists’ Proposition 2. Collection of John E. Keller.