1. Pakistan

2. Pakistan’s Creation
Originally part of British India. The British initially widened the divide between the Muslims & Hindu’s in a strategy to maintain control.
There were ethnic, political & religious disputes between the Muslims & Hindus in British India.
Pakistan was formed in 1947 out of partition from British controlled India.
During the split from India, there was a mass migration of over 15 Million.
The Muslims were going to Pakistan as the Hindus were leaving for India.
The creation of Pakistan was tumultuous, resulting in chaos, riots, deaths & crimes against humanity.
This deepened the rift between Muslims and Hindus.

3. Partition
The Punjab and Bengal, with mixed populations, had to be divided.
Millions of people were stranded on the wrong side of the boundary.

5. Partition 10 to 15 million flee Pakistan.
Violent clashes occurred and horrendous slaughter took place.
In the Punjab about ¼ million people were killed.
About 1 million die in Bengal.
Gandhi is able to stop the violence by going a hunger strike.

8. Religious Conflict Violent Partition1
Religious Conflict
The deepening conflict between Hindus and Muslims, made worse by economic differences, led to the partition, or division, of the subcontinent into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan.
Violent Partition
Independence came to India and Pakistan in 1947.
12 million people moved to avoid the rule of a majority religion to which they did not belong.
Many refugees died from hunger and thirst, and an estimated one million people were killed in fighting between Muslims and Hindus.
Since independence, India and Pakistan have fought three wars.
Bangladesh
Islam was the only thread that connected East and West Pakistan.
East Pakistan had a less developed economy and paid more taxes than West Pakistan, where most tax dollars were spent.
After a devastating cyclone in 1970, grievances led to fighting, and India joined the conflict on the side of the East Pakistanis.
As a result, in 1971, East Pakistan became the independent country of Bangladesh.

9. Partition:
Partition left both India & Pakistan devastated socially & economically.
Some of the atrocities committed between the Muslims & Hindus were widespread rape, pillaging & murder, bordering on genocide.
This included the bombing of trains of immigrants by Hindus and even filling trains full of the dismembered bodies & sending them across the border into Pakistan.

10. Civil War Pakistan begins as two separate and divided states
East Pakistan is more populous; West Pakistan houses government
East Pakistan declares independence from West Pakistan in 1971
Civil war erupts; East Pakistan wins, becomes new nation of Bangladesh

11. The Early Years
After Partition there was Pakistan & East Pakistan on the other side of India.
East Pakistan rebelled and split from Pakistan in the 1971 India/Pakistan war to become Bangladesh.
Pakistan itself is divided into four main areas: Baluchistan, North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), Punjab, & Sindh.
Another province, Kashmir, is still under dispute with India & has been the cause of war between the countries in 1947, 1965, 1971 & 1999.

12. Politics
Pakistan goes back and forth from being a democracy and being ruled by a military dictator after a coup.
Pakistani politics have a tradition of being underhanded, violent, and volatile.

13. POLITICAL HISTORY
PAKISTAN ALTERNATED BETWEEN ELECTED DEMOCRACY AND MILITARY DICTATORSHIP
Shown at left: Zulfikar and Benazir Bhutto

14. Pakistan Politics Jinnah (1947)>>
<<Zulfikar Bhutto ( )
Benazir Bhutto>> ( , 93-96)
Sharif ( , 97-99)
Zardari (now)
<< Musharraf ( )

15. History of Pakistan’s Political Leaders
1948: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founding father of Pakistan, dies
1951: Jinnah’s successor, Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated.
1956: Constitution proclaims Pakistan as Islamic Republic.
1958: General Ayyub Khan becomes president.
1969: General Yahya Khan takes over in a coup.
1973: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Benazir’s father) becomes PM.
1979: General Zia ul-Haq overthrows and hangs Bhutto in a military coup & becomes president. Daughter Benazir goes into exile, returns in 1986.
1988: Gen. Zia dies in mysterious plane crash. Bhutto’s Pakistan’s Peoples Party wins election & she becomes PM.
1990: Benazir Bhutto is dismissed as PM on charges of incompetence & corruption.

16. History of Pakistan’s Leaders Continued
1991: PM Nawaz Sharif begins economic liberalization.
1993: PM Sharif resigns under pressure from military. General election brings Bhutto back to power.
1996: President Leghari dismisses Bhutto’s government amid corruption allegations.
1996: Nawaz Sharif returns as PM after his Pakistan Muslim League wins elections.
1999: Bhutto and her husband are convicted of corruption and sentenced. Benazir flees to exile. Later that year Sharif is overthrown by General Pervez Musharraf in a military coup.
2002: Musharraf grants himself new powers including the right to dismiss parliament.
2007: Bhutto’s and Sharif’s parties protest Musharraf. Musharraf takes over media and communication networks.
2008: Musharraf forced to step down in face of impeachment
2011: Musharraf indicted for assassination of Benazir Bhutto

17. A Pattern of Instability
Many different governments rule Pakistan, non achieve stability
Benazir Bhutto leads Pakistan in 1980s and 1990s but is ousted. The military now rules.
Bhutto is assassinated in 2007.
U.S. President George W. Bush condemned the assassination in a 27 December press conference.

18. Pakistan Led briefly by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Prime Minister Ayub Khan.
Dangerous combination
Was not prepared to rule in 1948.
Strong Islamic fundamentalism.
Impoverished.
Pakistan divides in 1972
W. Pakistan = Pakistan
E. Pakistan = Bangladesh
Khan stressed modernization.
His following in West Pakistan held liberal views of Islamic law, leading to dissent within W. Pakistan, and especially in East Pakistan.
After Khan left office in 1969, East Pakistan refused to pay taxes to West Pakistan.
West Pakistan sent in troops, sparking civil war.
Thousands killed, millions escaped to India. India entered the war, helped Bangladesh declare its independence in 1972.

19. Benazir Bhutto First Woman Prime Minister, 1988
Ousted in 1990, 1993 on corruption charges.
Nawaz Sharif
Ousted three times.
Struggle between modernizers and fundamentalists.

20. Gen. Pervex Musharaff Coup d’etat.
Secular government against Islamic fundamentalists.
U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.”

21. The Musharraf Era
Musharraf came to power in a 1999 military coup, self appointed as president in 2001.
Enjoyed western support due to his announced intentions in 2002 to combat extremists in Pakistan.
Legitimacy of his rule is dubious - In 2007 he suspended the constitution and jailed several supreme court members before they were about to evaluate the validity of his election.
During Musharraf’s time Pakistan enjoyed impressive economic performance.
Musharraf’s approval rating plummeted to 15%.

22. Pakistan, The U.S. and the War on Terror
US supported Pakistan and Musharraf ever since he pledged to be an ally to the US in the war on terror.
US placed its faith in Musharraf by appropriating over $10B in foreign aid since 9/11.
Stark contrast to the sanctions US had against Pakistan before Musharraf pledged his support.
Question now is whether or not the US should have continued to support Musharraf since he became widely unpopular and Illegitimate.

23. Should the US have continued to support Musharraf? And today Zardari?
YES: The US was familiar with him, he offered continuity. A different leader could have been worse politically. He is more moderate than Sharif and the PPP.
NO: The aid given him did very little. He was undemocratic and vastly unpopular. By continuing to support him the US lost the credit it has gained in the Middle East by supporting an Islamic nation.

24. ASSASSINATION OF BENAZIR BHUTTO
Prior to parliamentary elections this year, opposition leaders were allowed back into the country
Benazir Bhutto returned, was assassinated

25. Benazir Bhutto's Timeline

26. Bhutto’s Assassination 2007

27. THE END OF MUSHARAF?
Musharaf dismissed the Supreme Court after he stepped down as head of the army
Lawyers protested

28. NEW PRIME MINISTER SWORN IN – TRANSITION BACK TO DEMOCRACY?
Has freed imprisoned judges
Army remains strongest institution in country
Rebellion in Baluchistan province
Problems of poverty and lack of development

29. President Prime Minister
Asif Ali Zardari
Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani

30. Current Situation Mumbai killings Bhutto/Zardari Musharraf gone Judge
Swat Valley and FATA
Allowed to govern themselves – Sharia law
Predator strikes into these areas

31. Government President: Asif Ali Zardari Serves as the Chief of State
Co-Chair of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)
Widower of Benazir Bhutto (former Prime Minister; assassinated on 27 DEC 2007)
Sworn in on 9 SEP 08 following the resignation of President Pervez Musharaf on 18 AUG 08. Elections were held on 6 SEP in which Zardari won a clear majority.
Zadaris election solidified the country's return to civilian government after more than eight years of military rule.
Presidential elections are for 5 year terms

32. Government Prime Minister: Yousaf Raza Gillani (PPP)
Assumed office 25 March 2008
Serves as the Head of the Government
The Prime Minister is selected by the National Assembly.
Cabinet positions are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister

33. Locus of power
President
Undemocratic constitutions (especially since Zia), with unprecedented concentration of powers in the President
Military
Weakness of the political system; Perceived threat of external aggression
Bureaucracy
History & state formation;
Elitism of the Muslim League;
Concentration of power in the head;
Cultural bias against politicians;
Religion
Perhaps the most complex locus of power
The US
The US’s own interests
- oil
- anti-communism 33

34. Government 3 Federal Branches Executive Legislative Judicial President
Prime Minister
National Security Council
Legislative
Federal Govt Ministries
Federal Ministers
Parliament
Senate
National Assembly
Leader of the Opposition
Judicial
Attorney General
Attorney Chief

35. Constitution
3 constitutions since independence (1956, 1962, 1973) each reiterating the importance of Islam
The last iteration (1973) of the constitution came after the cessation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1971 35

36. Government Constitution: 12 April 1973;
suspended 5 July 1977, restored 30 December 1985;
suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002;
amended 31 December 2003;
suspended 3 November 2007,restored on 15 December 2007
Independence: 14 August 1947 (from British India)
National holiday: Republic Day, 23 March (1956)
Suffrage: 18 years of age- universal; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims
Member of the United Nations and World Trade Organization.
Is a Nuclear State, but not part of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
Unemployment rate- 7.4%
24% of population below poverty line

37. Role of Religion in the State
The various degrees of state secularity/religiousity of different governments demonstrates the difficulties, at the state level, to articulate the role of Islam in the state
Zia-ul-Haq’s government ( ) came closest to implementing Shariah law through its ‘Islamization programs’, but no federal government has fully implemented Shariah Law
Shariah Law has existed, however, in certain territories 37

38. Women in Pakistan
Zia-ul-Haq’s ‘Islamization’ policies had detrimental effects for women especially through a set of law called the Hudood Ordinances
A vocal and vociferous women’s movement emerged during Zia’s rule
Women’s movement in Pakistan struggling to articulate a balance between Islam and secularism 38

39. Political Economy of Defence
Ayesha Jalal (1995) has argued that Pakistan’s overdeveloped military has had determinative effects on Pakistan’s political economy
She argues that there is a key difference between the political economies of India and Pakistan:
India has a ‘political economy of development’
Pakistan has a ‘political economy of defence’ 39

40. Political Economy of Defence
First decade after independence, Pakistani military and civil administration took up 3/4 of the federal budget
Military governments
Ayub Khan (1958)
Zia-ul Haq (1977)
Pervez Musharraf (1999) 40

41. Political Economy of Defence
Class aspect of military is tied to the extent to which the military has been able to infiltrate key economic structures/entities
Military presence can be felt in: housing developments, agriculture, transportation, oil/gas, defence production, hospitals, schools
Greater upward mobility for military personnel and their families because of access to better social services (schools, hospitals) 41

42. Political Economy of Defence
“Dominance of non-elected institutions in Pakistan…points to a disjunction between state power and class power”
Support of landowning families alongside failure to bring about effective land reforms
Mutually constitutive relationship between dominant social classes and military i.e. members of military entering dominant social classes, and dominant social classes being protected by military 42

43. Opposition to military
The military has been met with opposition from other political parties
But many of the same parties have often worked in tandem with the military to secure their power
The times where political parties have emerged in opposition to the military is connected to the degree of economic marginalization in the country

44. Opposition to military
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Pakistan People’s Party) took power in 1971 in the context of unrest in rural areas, including rural Punjab
“Roti, kapra, aur makaan” - bread, clothes, and shelter
( ) Glimmer of democracy
Bhutto legacy (dynasty) is very strong but is also often romanticized (ex. treatment mohajirs)
Post-Zia - “constitutional coups”

45. Suffering Economy
Economy suffered from decades of internal political disputes
a fast growing population
mixed levels of foreign investment
a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring India

46. Major Challenges for Pakistan
Rapid population growth, ethnic conflicts, and environmental threats are major challenges to the region today.
Major Challenges for Pakistan
Lack of government stability
Rapid population growth
Troubled relationship with India, especially over the territory of Kashmir
Terrorists within Pakistan’s borders

47. Major problems & Issues in Pakistan today
Economic development.
Political instability/military dictatorship.
Hindu-Muslim tensions.
Gender issues  honor killings.
Terrorism.
The Kashmir dispute and nuclear weapons.
The population of India is just over 1 billion people. It is believed that India’s population will surpass that of China by No success with family planning, birth control/abortion. Necessity of large families in agrarian subsistence lifestyle.
India's economy is uneven at best: many Indians lead a subsistence lifestyle, while a sizeable middle class and a small upper class live in the cities.
The situation in Kashmir is quite dangerous. Ongoing hostilities continue, and both sides continue a low-level crossfire across the border of this divided region. Three wars have been fought over Kashmir: 1948, 1965, and The 1972 partition did not settle the issue.
Because both sides, India and Pakistan, have nuclear weapons, some fear that the potential for large-scale war could lead to the use of these nuclear weapons. In the summer of 2002, India and Pakistan came within a hair’s breadth of war.

48. Conflict Over Kashmir

49. Freedom Brings Turmoil
A railway station in Punjab during large-scale migration that followed partition of India along religious lines.

50. Partition and Bloodshed
British adopt a policy of partition—splitting Indian into two countries
India would be largely Hindu nation; Pakistan mostly Muslim
Great Britain grants independence to both in 1947

52. Kashmir, Nehru, the British
Muslim ruler of Kashmir agrees to sign on with India, and Nehru makes exception to the rule of partition: “in cases of majority population land goes to Pakistan in border regions”......

53. Kashmir
Kashmir, a region occupied by Pakistan and India, lies south of the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan.
This disputed territory is the scene of sporadic fighting between the armies of Pakistan and India. China also occupies a part of Kashmir.

55. 3 Wars Between Pakistan and India in 50 years, 2 over Kashmir
Most militarized space in the world
80,000 dead over this conflict
A regional problem gone global

56. The problem of Kashmir
Kashmir is India’s only Muslim majority territory
India accuses Pakistan of waging a proxy war by arming militants
Jammu’s population is 2/3 Hindu
Kashmiris never voted; extremists/separatists were born
Why did the U.S. adopt Pakistan as its ally?

58. History of the Conflict
The territory of Kashmir
The territory was handed over to India after they gained independence from the British in 1947.

59. The Problem The Kashmir area was predominantly Muslim.
The ruler of Kashmir fled to India and agreed to place Kashmir under Indian rule if India would protect Kashmir from invasion.
If there had been a vote in Kashmir, the majority probably would have voted to become part of Pakistan for religious reasons.

60. Religious Groups in India-Controlled Kashmir
REGION
Buddhist
Hindu
Muslim
Other
Kashmir Valley - 4%
95%
Jammu
66%
30%
Ladakh
50%
46% 3%
Religious Groups in Pakistan-Controlled Kashmir
REGION
Buddhist
Hindu
Muslim
Other
Northern Areas -
99%
Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Source: BBC World News, Pakistani and Indian Census Data

61. The Importance of Kashmir to India and Pakistan
The geography is mostly rural, with large mountains, deserts, and valleys.
The region could have natural resources such as oil, gold, or silver that has not yet been discovered.

62. Control of the Indus River
The Indus begins in Kashmir, flows through Pakistan, then flows into mainland India.
Since Kashmir is part of India, they could dam the Indus and change the flow of the river.
Without fertile land to grow crops, Pakistan would become a desert and its people would starve.

63. Religious Sites
Both Pakistan and India have sites in Kashmir that are important to their respective religions.
Pakistan is predominately Muslim. Kashmir is predominately Muslim.
India is predominately Hindu.

64. Strategic Location India-Kashmir acts as a buffer.
Pakistan-Kashmir offers a fertile roadway into India for possible invasion.

65. Partition and Bloodshed
Millions leave their homes to resettle in Hindu and Muslim lands
Hindu-Muslim violence erupts during this movement; one million die

66. Some basics… Independence on August 14, 1947
East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan
4 provinces: Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, NWFP
3 territories: Azad Kashmir, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, and Gilgit-Baltistan
National language is Urdu - but most people speak Punjabi (60-70%) 66

67. 1947: Pakistan invaded Kashmir

68. ... Pakistan objects, Indian sends in new army to Kashmir, and war breaks out in , ending in the “LINE OF CONTROL” still extant today...

69. Partition and Bloodshed
Indian independence movement leader Mohandas Gandhi is assassinated by a radical Hindu Nathuram Godse, January 30, 1948.
Assassin opposed Gandhi’s support of Muslim rights
Supporters of Gandhi opposed his death sentence because they say it was against was Gandhi’s principles.
He was hanged November 15, 1949.
Group photo of the alleged conspirators.

70. Pakistan
Tensions with India, Kashmir situation etc., also created insecurity
This led in turn to a strengthening of the military
Resource scarcity
Assassination of first PM Liaqaut Ali Khan
By 1951, the US saw this as an opportunity to extend Cold War politics 70 70

71. 1965: Second war over Kashmir

72. 1965 War Conflict’s Context:
US [Pakistan] vs. USSR [India] Global Cold War

73. War
Three major wars between India and Pakistan have been fought over the Kashmir territory
1965
1971
A fourth war almost took place when Pakistan invaded and attempted to capture Kargil.

74. The Battle for Kashmir
India and Pakistan fight over Kashmir, a region in northern India
Cease-fire in 1949, but disputes over the region continues.
In total, India and Pakistan have fought four wars
Indo-Pakistan War of 1947
Indo-Pakistan War of 1965
Indo-Pakistan War of 1971
Indo-Pakistan War of 1999 (minor war)

75. 1971 India-Pakistan War

76. 1999 Kargil Skirmish
Context:
Both nations nuclear powers

77. Kargil conflict (1999)
In 1998, India carried out nuclear tests and a few days later, Pakistan responded by more nuclear tests giving both countries nuclear deterrence capability.
Diplomatic tensions eased after the Lahore Summit was held in 1999.
The sense of optimism was short-lived, however, since in mid-1999 Pakistani paramilitary forces and Kashmiri insurgents captured deserted, but strategic, Himalayan heights in the Kargil district of India.

78. Soldiers of the Sikh Light Infantry

79. Soldiers of the Assam Regiment

80. Kashmir Crisis

82. Indian Soldiers Patrol the India-Pakistan Border in Pura, the Winter Capital of the State of Jammu & Kashmir

83. Nine killed in violence in India's Kashmir
March 21, 2001 JAMMU, India -- Nine people have been killed in a series of military skirmishes in India's troubled northern state of Jammu and Kashmir.

84. Indian Soldiers Near the Pakistani Border - 2001

85. A Pakistani Ranger at the Indian-Pakistani Joint Border Check Post in Wagha, India - 2001

86. Anti-war Protestors in Karachi, Pakistan - 2001

87. Kashmiri Militants

88. 163 people die from terrorist bombings A Kashmir Connection? Lashkar,
Mumbai Bombings, Nov 26, 2008
163 people die from terrorist bombings
A Kashmir Connection?
Lashkar,
Regional History
and Islamist
Militarism
Taj Mahal Hotel
Photo: Punit Paranjpe/Reuters

89. Kashmir Today Insurgency and Terrorism, State and Proxies

90. Hindu Kashmiri Panditas terrorized, flight into refugee camps in Jammu

91. Still: Kashmiris not allowed to decide their own fate

92. Kashmir now located in the “War against terror”

93. India-Pakistan Border Disputes

94. War & Terrorism
Both India and Pakistan are convinced that they are right and that they will prevail
In the past 60 years, Pakistan and India have fought three wars over ownership of Kashmir. India won all three.
Today, the fight continues with acts of terrorism.
The people of Kashmir are probably wondering why the UN and U.S. won't help them

95. Why doesn't the U.S. lend a helping hand with the Kashmir conflict?
The U.S. wants to be allies with both Pakistan and India.
Pakistan shares a border with Afghanistan so need Pakistan’s help with war on terrorism.
We do a great deal of trade with India that is mutually advantageous.

96. Stalemate Continues....

100. Nuclear Rivalry Between Pakistan and India

102. INDIAN PARADOX – POVERTY AND POWER

103. What title would you give this political cartoon?

106. Nuclear Power: India-Pakistan
Indian Nuclear Power Plants
Pakistani Nuclear Power Plants

107. India Weapon of Mass Destruction
India does possess nuclear weapons and maintains short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles, nuclear-capable aircraft, surface ships, and submarines under development as possible delivery systems and platforms.
Although it lacks an operational ballistic missile submarines India has ambitions of possessing a nuclear triad in the near future.

108. India Weapon of Mass Destruction
India tested a nuclear device in 1974 (code-named "Smiling Buddha"), which it called a "peaceful nuclear explosive."
India performed further nuclear tests in 1998 (code-named "Operation Shakti").

109. India’s Prithvi Missiles First Tested in 1988

110. Supporters of former Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee chant nationalist slogans in support for his nuclear policy

111. The India-Pakistan Arms Race Heats Up in the Late 1990s

112. THE “ISLAMIC BOMB”
PAKISTAN EXPLODED ITS FIRST NUCLEAR DEVICE IN DESERT IN 1998.
DR. A.Q. KHAN RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS SECRET DEVELOPMENT, AND SHARED TECHNOLOGY WITH “ROGUE STATES” LIKE LIBYA, NORTH KOREA, MAYBE OTHERS

113. 1998: India tested their first nuclear weapon
1998: India tested their first nuclear weapon. Pakistan followed with nuclear tests.

114. Former Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, displays a sword given to him by Sikh youths in New Delhi to honor him for making India a nuclear power

115. Right-wing Pakistani Activists Burn Indian Flag to Protest Indian Nuclear Tests - 1998

116. Hot Air Balloon Protesting India & Pakistan’s nuclear testing - 1998

117. 2002 Military Statistics

118. India Displays Nuclear Missiles During “Republic Day,” - 2002

119. India Successfully Tested Agni Missiles - 2002

121. 2002 Nuclear Statistics

122. Musharraf and Vajpayee at a meeting on nuclear issues in Nepal in 2002

123. Is this a possibility?

124. India's Prime Minister ManMohan Singh
Pakistan's President Pervez Musharraf

125. New Friends?
Musharraf and India's new Prime Minister Manmohan Singh speak by telephone frequently affirming a strong desire for peace and resolution of their disputes, including Kashmir, on which the two countries have fought two of their three wars.

126. Partners in the “War on Terror?”

127. US Sells F-16 Jets to Pakistan—India Not Pleased! (3/25/05)
ManMohan Singh of India with President Bush (9/04)

128. Threat of Taliban to Pakistan

130. Taliban Connections Rooted in Pakistan
The Taliban emerged as a powerful movement in late 1994 when Pakistan chose the Taliban to guard a convoy trying to open a trade route from Pakistan to Central Asia.
With Pakistan providing weapons, military training, and financial support, the Taliban gained control over several Afghan cities and successfully captured Kabul in September 1996

131. Taliban Connections to Pakistan
Pakistani support for the Taliban is based on strong religious and ethnic bonds between the Taliban and Pakistan, especially with the tribal areas on the North-West borders of Pakistan.
Most of the Taliban’s leaders were educated in refugee camps in Pakistan where they had escaped the Soviet invasion.
Taliban militants are Sunni Muslim Pashtuns, and Pashtuns constitute thirteen percent of the total population of Pakistan.
Pashtuns dominate the Pakistani military and are concentrated in the North-West Frontier province, which was the command center for the Mujahedeen groups fighting the Soviet troops and a major destination for the Afghan refugees

132. Taliban Connections to Pakistan
Pakistani Taliban members have been involved:
In insurgent activity and terrorist attacks inside Afghanistan
Trained the Times Square bomber Faisal Shehzad
Participated in numerous suicide bombings and urban guerrilla attacks inside Pakistan including the siege at the Pakistan Naval Base Mehran in Karachi

133. Pakistani Taliban Alliance with Al-Qaeda
Dates back to the Soviet-Afghan War
Taliban has provided shelter to Al-Qaeda leaders
Has been operationally active with the terrorist group
Vowed to avenge the killing of Osama Bin Laden
Vows to continue the war with the USA

134. Since September 11, 2001
Five days after September 11, 2001, Pakistan's president, General Pervez Musharraf, pledged support for the U.S. efforts to capture Bin Laden and fight militant groups and all the Taliban members associated with Al Qaeda, a pledge that was followed by immediate demonstrations and protests by the pro-Taliban groups in Pakistan, where Taliban’s leaders were educated and where they fled the U.S. bombing of Afghanistan.
Despite the pledge to fight Taliban and Al Qaeda, having such religious, ethnic, and political ties with Taliban, and being uncertain about an immediate severing of the momentum in the multifaceted and historical ties with the Taliban have pushed the Pakistani military and Musharraf's regime to avoid provocation of the Taliban fighters.
Thus, the Taliban leaders, who survived the U.S. bombing of Afghanistan and the combat against the NATO troops in 2001, went back to Pakistan, precisely to the tribal areas where their Pashtun brothers reside, and namely to the North- West borders of Pakistan .

135. Taliban Moves to Pakistan
In October 2001, thousands of Pakistani Pakthun tribesmen were mobilized for armed action and crossed the Durand Line into Afghanistan to resist both the American and NATO forces.
For example, Sufi Mohammed, a Pakhtun cleric and leader of the Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Law infiltrated Afghanistan with about 10,000 boys and young men.

136. Taliban Moves to Pakistan
The arrival in tribal areas of the Afghan’s Taliban and Al-Qaeda’s senior leadership along with hundreds of Afghan, Arab, Chechen, Uzbek, East Asian, and Sudanese fighters in Pakistan distributed millions of dollars among the tribal elders for shelter
Al-Qaeda as been leasing compounds from the tribesmen to establish training camps and command and control centers.

137. Taliban Moves to Pakistan
In 2002, when the Pakistani Army invaded the tribal areas, it transformed the existing widespread militancy into a full-blown insurgency.
This has since spread throughout Pakistan

138. Taliban Moves to Pakistan
Recognizing NATO strength and losing a large number of its fighters and more importantly its strategic base of command in southern Afghanistan, Taliban moved to Pakistan, specifically to Waziristan, where they were welcomed by their Pashtun brothers .
In 2003, the Pakistani government had intervened to contain and counter the Taliban’s expansion and influence and deployed a total of 80,000 troops in South and North Waziristan.
After several confrontations with the Taliban militants and the loss of eight hundred Pakistani soldiers in combat, the Pakistani government and President Pervez Mushrraf realized that military confrontation of Taliban could further destabilize the country.
Accordingly, in September 2006, Musharraf signed a peace agreement with seven militant groups in Waziristan, who call themselves Pakistan Taliban or Tehrik-i-Taliban.
Under the terms of the agreement, Pakistan's army agreed to withdraw from the areas controlled by the Taliban in Waziristan, and the Taliban promised to stop launching attacks against NATO and Afghan troops in Afghanistan and against Pakistani army and government.

139. The war spills over into Pakistan
Pakistani military intelligence manipulation of the Afghanistan war - from the 1980s onward
Taliban and Haqqani Network across the Pakistani border provinces
Cross-border illicit trade
US operations in Pakistan
CIA and Special Forces assassination teams
CIA drone bombings
The assassination of Osama Bin Laden

140. Refugees
Afghans constitute the largest single refugee population in the world with an estimated 6 million people or 30 percent of the global refugee population.
The population has been greatly affected by a refugee problem for years.
Large numbers of Afghans are refugees in Pakistan.

141. Refugees
Pakistan has received the most

142. Pakistani Taliban Numbers
There are about 40 militant groups with a combined membership between 30,000 and 35,000.
They are decentralized and do not always agree.
They use social networks to recruit, raise funds, and to harass people.

143. Terrorism in Pakistan
Tehreek-e-Taliban (TTP- Students Movement of Pakistan)
Main Taliban militant umbrella group in Pakistan
Began its formation in 2002 in FATA; DEC 2007 officially formed under Baitullah Meshud.
Currently under the leadership of Hakimullah Meshud (no relation);
ISI claims he's a possible ‘look alike’ brother since the real Hakimullah was killed AUG 8th.
Brigade 313
Loose group of terrorist organizations to include LeT, Jaish-e-Mohammad, Taliban and Al Qaeda.
Lashkar-e-Islam (LeI- Army of Islam) / Jaish-e-Islami
Founded in 2004, currently headed by Mangal Bagh.
Operating out of the FATA; consists of Pakistani Taliban

144. Terrorism in Pakistan Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT- Army of the Good)
Active in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan.
AUG 09 issued an Islamic dress code ultimatum to all colleges in Jammu and Kashmir region of Pakistan.
Supported Al-Qaeda efforts in Afghanistan
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ)
Formed in 1990s as a sectarian group targeting Shia Muslims.
Key ally of Al-Qaeda and Pakistani Taliban
Possible offshoot of SSP
Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP- Army of the Friends of the Prophet)
Former registered political party in Pakistan
Focused attacks on Shiites
Credited with the AUG 2009 Gojra riots against Pakistani Christians

145. Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban
Recruit young men by offering them access to and membership in social networks, money, power, and respect
Many are young unemployed men who have had no access to education or jobs
Brainwash the men during the interactions
For example, many of the suicide bombers are poor, uneducated students in their early teens

146. Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban
Existing poverty from an ongoing lack of infrastructure
The government’s inability to provide education and fair legal system aid recruitment efforts
Most join because they are poor and feel that the government does not care about them.
For example, in 2009, the average salary of a low-level Taliban member was $180 a month, while in other areas it was as high as $240 a month

147. Why Pakistan Men Join the Taliban
The government’s inability to provide better shelter and services to the refugees in the camps have aided recruitment.
Young men frustrated by the preventable deaths of family members due to pneumonia and diarrhea join the Taliban
The Taliban provides swift and free justice in hostile areas

148. Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban
They sometimes use abduction and other coercive tactics to recruit fighters and quell dissent.
In early 2007, they began forcing school children to sign up for suicide bombing missions by kidnapping 30 children

149. Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban
The Pakistani Army when fighting against the insurgents have killed many civilians and this has led to the people joining the Taliban for revenge
For example, in 2009, 1,150 civilians were killed during Pakistan Army actions
The Pakistani Army also alienates locals by arbitrary arrests, illegal detentions, unlawful killings, deliberate property damage, executing people without trials

150. BBC, 2009

151. Examples of Terrorist Attacks in Pakistan in 2009
30 AUG: Suicide bomber killed 18 Pakistan police officers and seriously wounded another 12 in the NWFP.
1 SEP: Swat Valley- Pakistan military operations killed 43 militants including 2 important commanders. 105 militants surrendered, to include 5 additional commanders.
1 SEP: Increasing number of Blackwater personnel reported in Peshawar and other NWFP/FATA areas. US and Pakistani officials deny the reports.
2 SEP: Pakistan Religious Affairs Minister, Hamid Kazmi, was shot in the leg in a failed assassination attempt. His driver was killed in the attack.
5 SEP: Over 50 militants were killed by security forces in NWFP; 37 were killed as part of an operation targeting Lashkar-e-Islam. Another 14 were killed in Pakistani airstrikes.
8 SEP: Gunmen in NW Pakistan killed 4 Shia students in a sectarian attack.
11 SEP: TTP (Tehreek-e-Taliban) Spokesman, Muslim Khan, and 4 other council members were arrested in the Swat Valley. Reported Fazlullah (TTP-Swat Leader) lost his legs in a recent attack.

152. 30 drone attacks in 2009 so far; killing an estimated total of 460 people
Last month:
5 AUG: strike in S. Waziristan killing Baitullah Mehsud and his wife.
11 AUG: strike in Ladda village, S.Waziristan killed 10 militants.
21 AUG: strike on village of Darpa Kheil, N.Wz, reportedly targeting Sirajuddin Haqqani (Pashtun warlord), killing at least 21 people.
27 AUG: strike on the Tapar Ghai area (S.Wz) killing at least 6.
8 SEP: drone strike kills 13 in N.Wz. May have killed Al Qaeda leaders Ilyas Kashmiri and Mustafa al Jaziri as well as 3 Punjabi militants and 2 or 3 local Taliban fighters.
9 SEP: strike targeted Taliban compound in N.Wz killing 5 militants.
10 SEP: drone kills 12 militants and important commander in NWFP.

153. Most Recent and Widely Known Pakistani Taliban Attack
The banned Islamist group, which has intimate links to the Afghan Taliban and al Qaeda, unabashedly confirmed it tried to kill teen activist Malala Yousufzai as she rode home from school in a van October 9, 2012
But before that, the group, formally known as Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), took the global spotlight when Faisal Shahzad, a Pakistani-American, attempted to detonate a car bomb in New York's Times Square in May The TTP took responsibility, and Shahzad testified that he had received training from them.
Formally known as Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, the group is very closely linked with its namesake in Afghanistan as well as with al Qaeda. It shares its religious extremist ideology -- but is its own distinct group.
The TTP also has a different goal, but its tactics are the same, says Raza Rumi, director of policy and programs at the Jinnah Institute, a Pakistani think tank.
"Their primary target is the Pakistani state and its military," he says. "It resents the fact that it (Pakistan) has an alliance with the West, and it wants Sharia to be imposed in Pakistan."

154. Malal Yousafzai
Ms. Yousafzai was targeted for advocating the right of girls to education, and for exposing the daily violence and intimidation after the Taliban took control of the Swat valley.
She had been writing a blog for the BBC in Urdu under the pen name “Gul Makai” since the age of 11.
As the Taliban were driven out of the Swat valley in 2009, her identity was made public.
She received the National Peace Award from former Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani on December 19, 2011, and was nominated for the International Children's Peace Prize the same year by the Dutch organisation “Kids Rights”.
Ms. Yousafzai was also a speaker for the Child Assembly in Swat, an initiative supported by UNICEF in 2011.
She appeared on national and international television to express her views on the rights of children and girls.
On the day of the attack, spokesperson for the Pakistani Taliban, Ehsanullah Ehsan, confirmed to international media that they attacked her because “she [was] anti-Taliban and secular”, adding that she “would not be spared. She was pro-West, she [was] speaking against Taliban and she [was] calling President Obama her idol […]She [was] young but she [was] promoting Western culture in Pashtun areas”,he said. He reiterated the threats to kill her if she survives the attack.

155. Malala Yousafzai
Gunmen halted the van ferrying Malala Yousafzai through her native Swat Valley, one of the most conservative regions in Pakistan.
They demanded that other girls in the vehicle identify her. Malala had faced frequent death threats in the past.
Some of the girls pointed her out.
At least one gunman opened fire, wounding three girls.
Two suffered non-life-threatening injuries, but bullets struck Malala in the head and neck.
The bus driver hit the gas. The assailants got away.
Malala was left in critical condition.
An uncle described her as having excruciating pain and being unable to stop moving her arms and legs.

156. Malala Yousafzai
Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani girl shot in an attempted assassination by the Taliban in October, has spoken publicly for the first time of her recovery in Britain, saying God has given her "a second life" thanks to the prayers of those who supported her around the world.
Malala has been treated at the Queen Elizabeth hospital in Birmingham since being flown to Britain after being shot by the Taliban for campaigning for women's rights and girls' education

157. Malala’s Courage