1. Chapter 5

2.  Landform- a physical feature on Earth’s surface.

3.  Abyssal Plain- wide, flat area of the ocean floor.  Trenches- deepest parts of the ocean floor.  Rift Valley- indentation along tops of underwater mountains.

4.  Atmosphere- includes all the gases around Earth.  Hydrosphere- all of Earth’s water.  Crust- rocky layer of Earth.  Mantle- Earth’s interior below the crust.  Inner Core- deep inside Earth; made of solid metals.

5.  Diagrams:

6.  Geologist- a scientist who examines rocks to find out about Earth’s history and structure.

7.  Theory that the continents slowly moved to the position where they are today.  Rock types- are the same in Eastern South America and western Africa.

9.  Faults- deep cracks in the Earth’s crust. Movement along these cracks can form mountains.

10.  Folded mountains:  The Himalayan Mountains

11.  Fault-block Mountains:  The Sierra Nevada Mountains

12.  Volcano- an opening in Earth’s crust.  Most likely to form at plate boundaries.

13.  Tend to erupt when one plate is pushed under another plate.  Rocks in the mantle melt and magma forms in a chamber.  Pressure in the chamber grows and the magma is forced upward through cracks.  Magma reaching the Earth’s surface is called lava.

14.  Form when thick lava is thrown into the air and falls as chunks or cinders.

15.  Hot Spot- a stationary pool of magma below Earth’s crust. As the plate moves, new islands are formed.

16.  Earthquake- sudden movement of the Earth’s crust.  Waves move like ripples on a pond, making the surface and anything on it move.

17.  Earthquakes happen along the boundaries of tectonic plates.

18.  Magnitude- a measure of the amount of energy released by an earthquake.  Richter Scale- measures the magnitude at the epicenter.

19.  Mercalli Scale- measures what people felt and what happened to objects at a specific location.

20.  Tsunami- a huge wave, usually occurring after an underwater earthquake.

21.  Chemical weathering- acid rain can wear away at stone and metals.

22.  Erosion- weathered rock is moved from one place to another place.

23.  As water is running faster, it can wash away soil and rock.  When the water slows, the water will drop the material in another place.