2. The cell phone in the classroom: a foe or a friend? EUROCALL 2011 Irina Averianova, Nagoya Business University, Japan Irina Averianova, Nagoya Business University, Japan

3. Cell Phone - History 1973 - The first hand-held mobile phone by Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola 1979 – The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo 1981 – The simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden 1983 - The first USAG network using the Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone.

4. Cell Phone – More History 1991 - The first "modern" network of digital 2G (second generation) cellular technology was launched by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Group) in in Finland 1999 – The first i-mode service (connection of mobile phones to the Internet) by NTT DoCoMo, Japan 2001 - The first commercial launch of 3G (Third Generation) technology was again in Japan by NTT DoCoMo 2007 - The first IPhone, Internet- and multimedia-enabled smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. 2010 – The first 4 th Generation iPhone model released in Japan.

5. Cell Phone - History 19052011

6. Cell Phone Statistics - worldwide mobile phone subscriptions RankCountry or region Number of mobile phones % of population Last updated -WorldOver 5 billion2010 1China906,800,00067.1June 2011 2India840,280,00070.23May 2011 3United States302,947,09896Dec 2010 4Russia220,550,000151.9February 2011 5Brazil217,300,000111.6June 2011 6Indonesia168,264,00073.1May 2009 7Japan107,490,00084.1Mar. 2009

7. Cell Phone Functions Telephony Text messaging MMS Email Internet access Podcasts Photography Various business applications Gaming

8. Cell Phone – A friend? Access Ubiquity More reading and writing among teenagers (B. Bass, Maryland Writing Project, 2002; D.Crystal, 2009) Diversification of writing (H.Helderman, 2003) Revising and editing (G. Jacobs, 2005)

9. Cell Phone – A foe? Cheating 2002 - University of Maryland, College Park, 12 students 2002 - Hitotsubashi University, 26 students 2004 - England, 287 school and college students Multitasking Disruption Txting – instead of normative writing > lack of code- switching skills

10. Instant Messaging-Development 1995 -0.4 messages per customer per month 2006 - 72% of all mobile phone users worldwide use Short Message Service (SMS). Finland, Sweden, Norway - 90% of the population The European average - about 85% 2010 - 2.4 trillion messages

11. Texting as Electronic Discourse: Written Speech Spoken Writing (Hybrid, A new computer style, Internet Slang, Internet language, Net speak, Chat Room Shorthand, Tech-talk, Nu English) DISCURSIVE DRIVES  Economy of writing  Linguistic relaxation  Maintenance of orality in the absence of direct auditory interaction

12. NUCB Survey Do you have a cell phone? Teachers – 73 % Students – 100 % For STUDENTS: what kind of cell phone? 50 % have Smart Phone (iPhone, etc.) For TEACHERS: Why not?  Happy without it.  No need.  Don’t need it in Japan.  Never had, never will.

13. NUCB Survey How long have you had a cell phone? More than 10 years Teachers – 51 % Students – 17 % * More than 5 years Teachers – 39 % Students – 48.4 %

14. NUCB Survey - Functions SMS, MMS, Email: “Never” or “Almost never”? Teachers Students 48 % never send 4 % 32 % never receive 4 %

15. NUCB Survey - Functions Taking photos Teachers Students 48.6 % never or almost never 11 % Listening to sound files Teachers Students 83 % never or almost never 36 %

16. NUCB Survey - Functions Accessing the Internet Teachers Students 30 % 96 % Playing games ONLY 1 teacher SOMETIMES does 75 % of students DO

17. NUCB Survey Do we need to use cell-phone for teaching and learning? Agree DisagreeNot sure Teachers 2.8 % 54.3 % 42.9 % Students 47 % 3 % 50 %

18. NUCB Survey Have you ever seen or heard or read about any teaching/learning activities with cell-phones? 60 % of Teachers - NO 60 % of Students - YES IF you ever --–”--- … would you like to try them in your practice? 72 % - NO or NOT SURE! 28 % - YES

19. NUCB Survey Students SHOULD NOT use cell-phone at school AGREE Teachers Students 75 % 60 % DISAGREE Teachers Students 8.5 % 11 %

20. A Friend or a Foe? YES! “To address the educational needs of our students it is important to understand how technology influences their everyday lives” (Hoopingarner, 2008) YES! Japan is “one of the leading mobile telephone markets, not only in terms of size, but also in terms of innovation (Hulme-Jones, 2010) YES! “The cell phone is the technology of choice for today’s students” (Hoopingarner, 2008)

21. A Friend or a Foe Cell Phone at school - 2b or not 2b th@ts ?  Innovative research!  Innovative practice! Thank you!