1. 1 Peace Operations The Changing Face of Peacekeeping 1

3. 3 Content 1. The UN Charter 2. The Cold War and the founding operations 3. The Golden Age of peacekeeping 4. The second generation 5. The peacekeeping crisis 6. Recent trends

4. 4 1.The UN Charter 1.1. Collective security 1.2. The Security Council 1.3. Chapter VI 1.4. Chapter VII 1.5. The Military Staff Committee

5. 5 2. The Cold War and the founding operations 2.1. Collective security: Korea 2.2. Legal creativity: « Uniting for Peace » 2.3. Operational creativity: peacekeeping 1948 : Palestine 1949 : India/Pakistan 1956 : Suez

6. 6 3. The Golden Age of peacekeeping 10 operations between 1956 and 1974 Practical experience Building of a “culture” No formal doctrine 6 principles of “traditional” peacekeeping

7. 7 The 6 principles of « traditional » peacekeeping UN operation Established cease fire Consent of warring parties Impartiality Balanced composition Limited use of force

8. 8 Traditional Peacekeeping : an integrated strategy 2. Composition 3. Impartiality 4. Light weaponry 5. Cease fire 6. Consent7. Interposition1. UN ACTORPARAMETERS PRE REQUISITACTIVITY

9. 9 First doctrinal attempt An Agenda for Peace (1992) -Conflict Prevention -Peacemaking -Peacekeeping -Peacebuilding -Peace Enforcement

10. 10 4. The Second Generation International context : end of the Cold War - New conflicts - Unlocking of Security Council Quantitative changes: number, size, cost Qualitative changes: mandate, tasks, context

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12. 12 Second doctrinal attempt Supplement to An Agenda for Peace (1995) 31 January 1988 31 January 1992 December 1994 SC Resolutions Conflicts 15 11 53 13 78 28 Ongoing Operations Total Traditional Multidimensional Personnel Budget (millions $) 5 0 11 121 230.4 11 7 4 13 856 1 686.6 17 9 8 77 783 3 610

13. MINURSO 1991 UNTAC 1992 UNTAG 1989 UNAVEM 1991 ONUSAL 1991

14. 14 5. The crisis of peacekeeping Excess of credibility High ambitions Insufficient means The fatal trilogy : UNPROFOR, UNOSOM, UNAMIR

15. 15 6. Recent trends Robust Operations Regionalization Unbalanced composition Wining hearts and mind Holistic approach of peace : long term, multidimensional

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