1. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 1 UTILIZATION OF UAV’s FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH A Summary and Synthesis of Workshop 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS OverviewPage 2 Draft Vision StatementPage 3 Missions: OverviewPage 4 Missions: ClimatePage 5 Missions: Land & Ocean SurfacePage 7 Missions: Global ObservationsPage 10 Missions: Atmospheric ObservationsPage 13 Technology: OverviewPage 16 Technology: PlatformsPage 17 Technology: InstrumentationPage 22 Technology: OperationsPage 27 Technology: Data and CommunicationsPage 29 Gaps, Roadmaps & Vision: OverviewPage 31 Gaps & RoadmapsPage 32 Ideas for Joint NASA/NOAA/DOE ProgramsPage 35 Ideas for Innovative UAV UsesPage 36 UAV-Enabled Global Observation SystemPage 37 Ideas for Next StepsPage 38

2. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 2 Overview What we have in common forms the basis of our collaboration - the focus on the goals developed in our first workshop in San Diego. From there, there is no limit to what we can do. On December 7th and 8th, 2004, DOC/NOAA Forecast Systems Laboratory (FSL), NASA Science and Aeronautics Research Mission Directorates, and DOE Office of Science sponsored the second in a series of workshops on the Utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Global Climate Change Research. Participants from NASA, NOAA, and the Department of Energy gathered together with researchers, scientists, engineers and industry representatives to build upon the work completed in the first workshop. This session began with a series of presentations about the program objectives of the three agencies, about the requirements for a research program, and about the current capabilities of UAVs. The group then became familiar with the 11 science goals developed in the first workshop. Participants expanded upon these missions, clarifying the observations needed for each as well as when and where these observations would need to take place. The group then looked at the technology and operations as well as the gaps and roadmaps needed to realize these goals. Finally we used a current NASA RFI document to drive some of the groups to put an outline together for a few of the goals while other groups looked at the next steps in the collaboration to move the group to realizing the objective of a global climate change observation system. This document is a summary of the group’s work.

3. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 3 Draft Vision Statement Elements of a Mission Statement Economy and Early Warning (Climate) Fill Critical Gaps in Earth Observing System UAV Critical Role in Integrated Global Observing System (enabler and integrator) US Leadership (opportunity to lead in aerospace and global observation) UAV’s as Available Capability for Monitoring UAV’s can Deliver Unique Scientific Measurements Magnify the Value of Existing Investments (satellites) Proposed Presentation Format for NASA/NOAA/DOE Collaboration Why is this important? Vision: Drawn from CCSP, GEOSS, IEOS, IORS, USCOP Examples: Arctic, Hurricane Tracking and Prediction Compelling, visceral story that motivates the important of climate change and prediction How can we make a difference? Consistent with current administration climate thrust (but not uniquely linked to this administration) Magnify value of current investments (satellites, piloted platforms, ground observations) Address gaps in current capabilities (examples…) Provide new and unique capabilities (examples…) Current agencies’ programs and opportunities for collaboration and efficiency How much will it cost? We will need to have some estimate of the cost and benefits from the proposed collaboration. “UAV’s bridge the gap between Earth and space to understand and protect our planet.”

4. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 4 Missions: Overview Context In the first round of work, groups reviewed the focus areas identified in the first workshop: Climate, Land & Ocean Surface, Global Observations, and Atmospheric Observations. Out of these groups, small teams then delved into the science goals that had been defined under each focus area. For each science goal, the teams were asked to define what needed to be measured, when it needed to be measure, how often and for how long?

5. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 5 Missions: Climate I of II We want to make any use of UAVs with anything that's already in existence in addition to using the first 3 ARM sites. We agreed 20 km is critical to the measurements we want. We'd like to see 5 flight days taking place in each location for each of the 4 seasons. The flight days should be spread out over a few weeks. We designed our dream suite of instruments. We got into an interesting discussion about accuracy. We agreed that we could address more science if any of the instruments were improved upon. We agreed that we could have progress in all these areas by adding to the instrument suite that was previously designed. We can do work in urban areas as well as in albedos. Forcings: solar, CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, CFCs, O 3 Feedbacks: clouds, H 2 O (v), albedo, aerosols, oceans, O 3 Unique Requirements: insitu, sustained, systematic, diurnal, over oceans Integration with: ARM networks, satellites, models, ocean observing, radiosonde, lidar Spatial: ARM—arctic, mid-continent -100km + flexibility (access to remote regions); Up to 20km (up and down to surface Temporal: diurnal - min. 5/flight days across 3 weeks; full seasonal 4 times per year; simultaneity Instruments: H 2 O (v) insitu; TP; B.B. SW+LW; Particle Probe; Radar (particle reflectivity); Lidar (small particle reflectivity); Microwave radiometer (profiles); Infra-red spectrometer; Wind lidar; Dropsondes (GPS, T,P,W); Electrification (field probes) mid-latitude Special Cases: aerosols - urban volcanoes; albedo - polar Priorities: clouds, H 2 O, aerosols, albedo Science Goal: Understand and quantify sensitivities of climate to forcings and feedbacks.

6. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 6 Missions: Climate II of II We looked at where UAVs would have the most impact. We tried to understand processes and thought the most utility here would be closer to the boundary layer. We would understand how things get into the troposphere. There's a list of potential campaigns in the short-term, over the next 5 years. We would focus on the Amazon, the southern ocean, and the ARM sites, as well as a couple of sites listed here. This all led us to a possible campaign is this unknown source of methane. It's not confounded by large diurnal cycles. We didn't get very far in the 'When' and 'How Often' categories. We did talk about the North America campaign and we'd like to get involved in some intensive campaign. Observations Required Where? UAV Observations When?How Often? Condintions of: CO 2, CO, CH 4, O 2, in ? layer -land cover/land use change -- surface temperature (ocean/land) -- winds -- ocean color -- atmospheric temperature -- fossil sources -- parameters controlling photosynthesis -- soil moisture -- snow, ice, water coverage -- CO 2 (drop buoys) -regional - continental scale - over ocean and land -- vertical profiles (0- 5km) -- Amazon biogeochemistry (? CH 4 ) -- Southern ocean (south pacific) -- 3 ARM sites -Eastern pacific Upwelling Zones -- Arctic freeze/thaw line (Barrow ARM site) -- Regional CH 4 campaign — Amazon, Tundra, Aglands (ie rice), Geologic(?) -- Fossil source campaign (?) Diurnal - monthly - seasonal Sat. overpasses Rationale: CH 4 is easier to measure than CO 2 ; UAVs can help in process studies; less natural variability; CH 4 strong CHC; shorter residenc time /nd Science Goal: Sources and sinks of CO2 & methane (quantify and locate natural and anthropogenic) UAVs coordinated with surface and orbital assets and models UAVs alone

7. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 7 Missions: Land & Ocean Surface I of III Science Goal: How is the biosphere changing? Types of MeasurementsWhenWhere 1. Multispectral (imaging) 1-20km 2. Hyperspectral sometimes (imaging) 1-20km 3. Florescense high resolution (temp/sp) triggered 200m 4. In-situ fluxes 30m 5. D i AL 30m - 10km 6. Laser (dobbler) for wind 30m - 10km 7. Soil moisture u-wave (passive/active) 3-20km 1. Triggered episodic meas (minit?) 2. Scheduled eposodic (seasonal/annual) cal / val 3. Diurnal (fluxes, Ocean Bio) 4. 1. Keep track of interfaces (coastal zone; forest/tundra; sky Islands (desert sandstorms); altitude change; irrigated vs. arid; surface ocean temperature; GPP, DOC, turbidity Coral blocking Wetlands extent / change WhatWhereWhen/how often/ duration/ synchrony Land use / land cover interface GlobalAll year / seasonally / range to target) close to satellite pass (cal/val) Ecosystem conditionSpecific ecosystems worldwideDiurnal to seasonal (many synchronous measurements) (intensive observation period simplified for monitoring) All seasons Event - triggeredLocation of event (global reach) stressor, transport, receptors) Event duration (multi-parameter) Response time important Maybe pre-event if forecast

8. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 8 Missions: Land & Ocean Surface II of III Science Goal: Decrease uncertainties in models (CO 2 emission regions; CH 4 emission regions) Understanding processes (regional variability; short-term variation) What: CO 2 ; H 2 O; CH 4 From this: regions explored - typical for validation; extremes for exploration Observation Strategy: define boundary layer (ocean, land, smooth, rough, wind speed) Technology development: miniaturization; multiple sondes (or mini-UAVs); mini-gliders? Fundamental Issues: intermediate scale between satellite and high flying aircraft and jeep; work on natural laboratories (investigator-driver) The gas emissions from the surface have reactions to the climate change. How does the natural emission of CO2 change in response to the climate change? Is it positive or negative feedback? One of the things you want to do is have prediction of these processes. There are already models that can do this and we want to decrease the uncertainties in these models. We want to pick areas that are particularly sensitive to change. We agreed that understanding the processes are important for understanding the scale. What you see from satellites is what is really happening. To understand the detail, UAVs play a very important role. The regions typical for validation are where we want to start. The fundamental issues that emerge from our discussion is that we need the intermediate scale between satellite and aircraft so we can fill in the gaps of the picture we have right now. We're looking for natural laboratories where we can do investigative work to improve our understanding of the processes.

9. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 9 Missions: Land & Ocean Surface III of III Science Goal: Characterization (shifts/changes) of frozen part (cryosphere) of water cycle earth surface (ocean & land) in response to climate change Objectives: Trending (baseline) - total frozen reservoir (global/annual change/regional); Measure surface area, depth, density; Understanding response & feedback (energy cycle - solar + current and drivers); Focus on bellweather areas (visually/active areas - reasonable time space - high rate of change) Cryosphere Observations Sea ice - arctic/antarctic (moderate variability) (5–10% of ocean) Glacier - mountains/coastal (least variable) Snow fields/pack - mountains (highly variable) Perma frost (frozen soil moisture) - interface to biology TopicPositionAltitudeWhenHow oftenDurationCoverage/resolution Sea IceArctic/antarctic (polar) Sea LevelSeasonal (summer/winter) to monthly MonthlyFLT tracks (Re TBD) Continental scale - 1km Glacier (moves)Mountains (high latitude) Mountain top (20k feet+) Seasonal (21cm /year) Monthly (year/decade) FLT tracks (Re TBD) 100m Snow field (fixed)Mountains (high latitude) Mountain top (20k feet) Annual (thorough)? AnnualFLT tracks (Re TBD) 100km Snow pack (melts annually) MountainsMountain topSeasonallyWeekly1km Here is a pathway where we think about how UAVs play into the mix. We suggest that UAVs be in areas where we need frequent repeats and high resolution. We think that UAVs will need long duration. They don't particularly high altitude. We'll need to get into understanding of what drives the changes we see. We need surface area depth and density.

10. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 10 Missions: Global Observation I of III Measurements Required Where should they be taken? When?Frequency?Duration?Taken simultaneously? State variables T, u, V, q, (p), (h) Fill in data voids Adaptively observed Event driven contingency Ongoing 1-5 days as required Up to 60 minutes notice as required Routine Model driven Event driven On-going hours - 1 day mins - hours (BCWST) Best coincide with synoptic time Cloud properties (callibrate satellite & radar) Liquid/ice concentrations Calibration for real time system (CORTS) - possibly operational IOP Intense observations periods Correlated with other measurements I.e. radar, satellite UAV swarms during IOPs PrecipitationCORTS Land surfaceCORTS Ocean surface properties CORTS (long) Ice propertiesCORTS AerosolsCORTS Events O3 - as an indicator of P.V. CORTS Events Science Goal: Improve high impact weather forecasts UAV Altitude (ft) Forecast ImprovementCost 20k40k60k Altitude Sensor & Mission Dependant We came up with the idea of CORTS. This stands for calibration for real time system. Using UAVs help in research mode to generate algorithms to calculate things like ice fluxes. You're using a UAV to calibrate a remotely sensed object, like radar and satellite to spread the knowledge over a wider area. You do that within an intensive observation period. This is not just for one UAV, but also for a swarm of them.

11. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 11 Missions: Global Observation II of III We're looking to put 200-400 global station points as a good start. We talked about having them above the surface. We see them at 300 m intervals above the surface. There is a special case of aerosols. It probably would be more concentrated in industrial areas. We talked about what kind of time resolution and we had a goal of taking 8 measurements a day and could cover the diurnal cycles. We felt the UAVs offer a lot to this kinds of system, especially in the vertical measurements. It might take 4 years to do a demo phase to put this system together. We're planning the system for five years from now. Science Goal: Improve prediction of climate variability and change WhereWhatWhen State: Tropopause to surface –Including boundary layer 300m intervals –30m for B.L. Pseudo-distribution (200 - 400 points) State parameters (time and geospatial) Temperature, pressure, (water vapor) Pseudo-random, diurnal seasonal Goal - 8/day - 1/wk Duration: 4yr minimum (demo) - multi-decade (operations) Below cloud cover Satellite queing Industrial regions (200 point geo) Courser sampling (100m - 500m Aerosols: optical profiles/profile scattering Need to capture effects of aerosols on clouds/ precipitation (particle size, distribution, macro view Trace gases: O 3, CH 4, CO 2 (  1ppm accuracy) Water vapor: upper tropospheric measurement Clouds: life cycle, coverage, optical depth, albedo/reflectivity, vertical profile (start) revisit every 72 hours every grid point For clouds diurnal in the tropics UAV roles: Anchoring satellite measurements Gap filling Gaps: Atmospheric only Radiative budget (longwave, shortwave) Correlation with modelers and instruments in 5 years resolution distribution regions sustained weekly updates for verified profiles hourly for cloud seasonal variability

12. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 12 Missions: Global Observation III of III We want UAVs which can fly long distances, which preclude manned missions. Mars covers thousands of kilometers in range. The vertical question is important to that extent we're looking at something like 50 millibars in resolution to go after the aerosol question. We want to do that over time for about 10 years. In the Pacific, we'd still be going for vertical movement over long spatial scales. Science Goal: Critical physical processes: storms, climate change trends What?Where? When?Why?/Why UAV? Info for global climate models Precipitation Winds 2008/2015 Diurnals 12 months Continuous - need (10) cycles Small scale measurements Long platforms Long distance EverythingEverywhereAll the time Aerosols - in situ Clouds Radiation (short/long) Temperature/time H2OH2O CO 2 O3O3 UAV Geo sat tracks Arctic 20082018  10km - s awe place  10km - lead 2008 Pacific Next Warm pool - N. of Australia Merging of data Why not now? sensors Data systems 1000’s km Transects 100m scale =OP -50mb 20082009 uAV 2x day / 10yrs t,x Need to reduce risk to instrument? Cost of ??? curtain

13. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 13 Missions: Atmospheric Observation I of III Science Goal: Quantify change in the chemical composition of the atmosphere What ObservedWhere? Lat Alt When?How Often?Duration?Taken simultaneously? Air quality (surface to BL) Midlat 0-40k ftAll yearDaily Hourly events Strataspheric Ozone Polar tropopause Midlat -> 30km Tropics All seasons  Weekly ProfileNo Tropospheric Ozone Polar tropopause Midlat remote & Tropics polluted All seasons - dailyProfile Dial No Long-lived gases C02, CH4, N20 Herb? - HFCs Polar surface Midlat lower strat Tropics (25km) All seasonsWeeklyProfileNo Water vaporPolar upper trop Midlat lower strat Tropics All seasonsWeeklyProfileNo Reactive gases NOx, SOx, CO Polar surface Midlat lower strat Tropics State variables Highly reactive OH, HO2, NO, NO2 Polar polluted & Midlat remote trop Tropics All seasonsintermittent Aerosol size, number, composition Polar polluted & Midlat remote trop Tropics All seasonsDaily - weeklyProfilesNo Radioactive fluxesPolar upper trop Midlat lower strat Tropics All seasonsintermittentProfilesNo

14. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 14 Missions: Atmospheric Observation II of III Possibly using dropsondes to create profiles to measure the chemical in the atmosphere. There is a whole different chemistry in carbonaceous aerosols. These could be distributed in a number of platforms. This could be focused around the boundary layer. The last group included aerosols like volcanic eruptions. Again, for these we need to get in close to the source, so of course the UAVs will be key. These would be smaller UAVs. ObservationLocationTemporalSimultaneousInstruments Marine S Coastal margin I.TC2 - Tropical Routine monitoring Weekly ProfilesMass spec spectrometer s Isotopes Urban C Industrial (localized) 20-60k ft profiles (mixed layer) Routine Weekly Lidar(s) Doplar lidar Events S C Localized 60k ft profiles Episodic (on demand) Dropsondes Science Goal: Figure out the role of aerosols in global warming volcanoes wildfires dust

15. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 15 Missions: Atmospheric Observation III of III We subdivided the topic into three major areas. We subdivided even further under one of these. We expanded the scope of it a bit. The blue comments are from the initial discussion. The red comments are about the instruments. The green comments are from visitors who came by. We appreciate those and tried to incorporate them as much as possible. Science Goal: Role of water vapor & cloud-radiative feedback (predictability and climate control) What?Where?When?How Often?Duration?Simultaneous?How? (instrument) H2O Concentration Ice Mixed phase Liquid Water vapor/flux Vert: Surf to lower strat (20km) Horiz: Everywhere conc. on oceanic Uniform sample + targeted observation (e.g. monsoon) 6 hour sampling (background) 1 hour (event driven) Storm: week Climate: long duration profiling (12-24 hrs) Temp; U, V, W, Turbulence; Pressure Mixing ratio (2%) (laser hygrometer) All-weather carole (king) Cloud Characterization Cloud extent Cloud types Microphysical properties Cloud profiles (temp, phase) global (%cover) 10’s of km Subgrid scale (  1km) (10’s m u physics Cloud (10’s of meters) Uniform sample + targeted observation 6 hour sampling 1 hour (event driven) Days to week Frequent measurements over extended time period Spacial sampling over a long path Temp; U, V, W, Turbulence; Pressure UAV: help to bridge between more extensive radar and satellites Satellite obs In situ Remote sensors - radar - lidar All weather capable (instrument miniatures & power c?) Cloud radiometric properties Representative cloud types Above and below clouds Periodic (seasonal) Sample life cycle of cloud type Same Satellite and surface measurements Broadband & specially resolved vis & IR (radiance and irradiance) Satellite H2O & winds cal/val Global Via focused UAV observations Periodic (seasonal) IOPHours to daysSatellite observations (as above) INS/GPS Laser/hygro (INS/GPS ) (BAT) (0.1  C accuracy) (% cloud cover - might not be adequate characterization )

16. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 16 Technology: Overview Context In the next round of work, each team pored over the science goals defined in the morning to discover the requirements for a specific technology: Platforms, Instrumentation, Operations and Data & Communications. Assignment Look across the science goals and each observation (there may be several observations within each goal), and identify any solutions that may be required for the technology that you have been assigned. Also note any special capabilities or properties needed. Finally, identify/document any assumptions you’ve made.

17. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 17 Technology – High Altitude Platform Issues Performance 40,000ft + Ceiling Vertical Profiling Payload (mass, volume, power) Range Endurance Cruise Speed Payload Environment (stability, thermal, vibration) Lifecycle Cost Deployability – no significant runway limitations Operability All Weather Icing Turbulence Crosswinds (landing and take off) Autonomy Global Airspace Over-the-Horizon Command & Control Reliability (MTBF > 20-50k hours) Environmental - propulsion State of the Art Global Hawk 60,000 ft36 hours Altair50,000 ft32 hours Innovative Concepts Helios100,000 ft12 hours – week Zephyr50-100k ftweeks - months

18. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 18 Technology – High Altitude Platform MissionsAltitudeEnduranceRepetitionP/LSpeed Climate Sensitivity to Forcings 20km24 hours CO2 Sources & Sinks24 hours Atmospheric Chemical Composition 30kmWeek-months Role of Aerosols18.5km Water Vapor & Cloud Radiative Feedback 20km24 hours – week Stable platform <100 knots Global Climate Variability & Change Surface – 20km Week-months72 hours“Dropsonde” class Long range High Impact Weather Forecasts “DASN & Loiter”? Critical Physical Processes Ocean & Land Surface Models & Predictions20km24 hours Cryosphere Responsive Feedback N/A Gas = Capability unique to UAV’s

19. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 19 Technology – Mid-Altitude Platform Assumptions 25,000-30,000 ft Can use heavier instrument suites Robust Dropsondes critical capability Quick-look data Multi-use or tailored Others Rapid response Loitering Cal/Val Gap filling General Capabilities Needed UAV-Unique Robustness for turbulence Long endurance – trans-oceanic & loitering Flight Characteristics Structure similar to regional aircraft Slow speed & high resolution Command & Control Distributed basing for global coverage “Over the horizon” communications Payload Large & reconfigurable (i.e. antennae) Variable size for specific missions Tailored aircraft specific to mission & grid Missons High Impact Weather Autonomy Tailored mission Quick-look data is key here Diurnal fire monitoring Command & Control – rapid response Atmospheric Composition Flight characteristics – variable short/fast climb rate Cryosphere Flight characteristics – de-icing for polar/cold environments

20. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 20 Technology – Low Altitude Platform Missions < 25,000 ftExisting Platform Flight Char- acteristics Command & Control EnduranceRange Climate Sensitivity to ForcingsP-3, Twin Otter, C-130 LDS, Satellites & Autonomous 5 days for 3 weeks 1000 km CO2 Sources & SinksP-3, Twin Otter, C-130 Ship Launch, Vertical Profiling LDS, Satellites & Autonomous Up to many diurnal cycles Process – 100’s of km Monitoring – 1000’s of km Atmospheric Chemical CompositionP-3, Twin Otter, C-130 Vertical ProfilingLDS, Satellites & Autonomous Up to many diurnal cycles Process – 100’s of km Monitoring – 1000’s of km Role of AerosolsP-3, Twin Otter, C-130 Vertical ProfilingLDS, Satellites & Autonomous Up to many diurnal cycles Process – 100’s of km Monitoring – 1000’s of km Water Vapor & Cloud Radiative Feedback P-3, Twin Otter, C-130 LDS, Satellites & Autonomous Up to many diurnal cycles Process – 100’s of km Monitoring – 1000’s of km Global Climate Variability & ChangeP-3, Twin Otter, C-130 LDS, Satellites & Autonomous Up to many diurnal cycles Process – 100’s of km Monitoring – 1000’s of km High Impact Weather Forecasts P-3, Twin Otter, C-130 Radiosonde Ship LaunchLDS, Satellites & Autonomous Up to many diurnal cycles Process – 100’s of km Monitoring – 1000’s of km Critical Physical ProcessesP-3, Twin Otter, C-130 Hand LaunchLDS, Satellites & Autonomous 5 days for 3 weeks 1000 km Ocean & Land Surface Models & PredictionsP-3, Twin Otter, C-130 Ships, Buoys Ship LaunchLDS, Satellites & Autonomous 5 days for 3 weeks 1000 km Cryosphere Responsive Feedback P-3, Twin Otter, C-130 Ship LaunchLDS, Satellites & Autonomous 5 days for 3 weeks 1000 km Gas = Capability unique to UAV’s

21. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 21 Technology – Low Altitude Platform Missions < 25,000 ftPayloadAutonomyMulti-use vs. Unique Mission Coverage Issues Data Storage Climate Sensitivity to ForcingsSmall-to-large scale In situ & remote Stringent Operation Procedures StandardizationShort & long ranges Large Capacity CO2 Sources & SinksOperation in NAS System Multi-use Atmospheric Chemical CompositionStringent Operation Procedures Standardization Role of Aerosols Water Vapor & Cloud Radiative Feedback Global Climate Variability & Change High Impact Weather Forecasts Critical Physical Processes Ocean & Land Surface Models & Predictions Cryosphere Responsive Feedback Gas Interfaces: Other systems; Vehicles (formation flying & mother/daughter); platforms, instruments, ground systems, science systems

22. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 22 Technology – Remote Sensing Instrumentation Focus Areas Measures Climate, Atmospheric, & Global Aerosols < 100m(?) (OD, SSA, Size, Distance, Concentration, Composition) Trace Gasses – Vertical + Column (CO2, CH4, O3, H2O, N2O CFC’s, gradients in flux) Clouds > 100m(?) (OD, particle microphysics, cloud state variables) State Variables (T, W, P, RH) Radiation (Albedo, flux) H2O (Gas profiles, rain) Ocean & Land Surface Ice – SA, Depth, Density Vegetation Type - % land cover Coastal T, NPP, DPC, TSS Sea Salinity, Soil Moisture Remote Sensors Passive Hyperspectral – multi-angle, polarmetric spectrometer (aerosol properties) Narrow band radiometer? (CO2?) Hyperspectral Spectrometer (ocean color, vegetation type) Active Lidar Infrared – H2O, CO2, Winds Visible – clouds, ice surface, aerosols, ocean color, canopy structure UV – O3, winds Radar Measurable – atmospheric ice (?) S Band – Precipitation C, Ka, L, P Band – ice sheets, canopy levels Long-wave – ice depth Doppler – cloud structure Laser (pemp probe?) Chlorophyll, vegetation stress (?)

23. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 23 Technology – Remote Sensing Instrumentation UAV ? Mission Design Issues Cloud, aerosol and gas issues cannot likely be completely address by remote sensors. (Ocean and land issues probably can.) We need to device a coordinated fleet mission. Passive sensors are typically small mass/volume – they can use HALE Active sensors are typically larger mass/volume. Most science questions requiring active remote sensors do not need high altitude – they can use LALE or MALE)

24. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 24 Technology – In Situ Instrumentation GasChrometograph MassSpectrometer Spectometry(Optical) Ion MobilitySpectrometer Microeletcromagnetical Sensors IntertialNavigation/PitotTube Filtering/ PhysicalCollection Radiometers CloudMicrophysicsSensors Nephelometers Imagers Extratometer (??) EvaporativeHeating/ Cooling FSSP Cryogenic/ ChilledMirror Cavity RingdownSpectrometer Aerosol Hydration/Vox Field Mills Dropsondes Various Chemical Species XXXXXX? Water Vapor/ RH XXXXX Aerosols XXXXXXXXXX Temperature & Pressure XX Cloud Microphysics & Properties XXXXXXX Winds & Turbulence XXX Radiative Field Isotopes XX Electric Field X # of sensors is application-dependant. Sensor type is UAV Platform-dependant. Sampled Items Instruments Required for Physical Sampling

25. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 25 Technology – In Situ Instrumentation (Adaptation I of II) Gas Chrometograph Mass Spectrometer Spectometry(Optical) Ion MobilitySpectrometer Microeletcromagnetical Sensors IntertialNavigation/PitotTube Filtering/ PhysicalCollection Radiometers Cloud MicrophysicsSensors Nephelometers Imagers Extratometer (??) Evaporative Heating/Cooling FSSP Cryogenic/ ChilledMirror Cavity RingdownSpectrometer Aerosol Hydration/Vox Field Mills Dropsondes Size XXXXXXXXX Power XXXXXXXXXXX Mass XXXXXXXXX?X Remote / Autonomous Ops XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Telemetry XX Access to Clean Air Stream XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Field of View XX RFI / EMI XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Icing X UAV Adaptation Issues Instruments ALL INSTRUMENT PROBES

26. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 26 Technology – In Situ Instrumentation (Adaptation II of II) Gas Chrometograph Mass Spectrometer Spectometry(Optical) Ion MobilitySpectrometer Microeletcromagnetical Sensors IntertialNavigation/PitotTube Filtering/ PhysicalCollection Radiometers Cloud MicrophysicsSensors Nephelometers Imagers Extratometer (??) Evaporative Heating/Cooling FSSP Cryogenic/ ChilledMirror Cavity RingdownSpectrometer Aerosol Hydration/Vox Field Mills Dropsondes Speed Condensation XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Environment (Pressure/Temp) XXXXXX? Servicing XXXX Long Flight Duration XX Cost – Devel. XXXXXXXX Cost – O&M XX Data Storage/ Processing XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Instrument/UAV Platform Comms. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX UAV Adaptation Issues Instruments ALL INSTRUMENT PROBES

27. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 27 Technology – Platform Operations ReachSort & Gen Rate Avail (?) Fleet SME/Mix Collaboration Local LOSUpon DemandSmall platforms/ to many Region al 10P Global BLOSHi  ContFew/many Terms C3 = BLOS (oth), LOS (20km radius) Avail = Sorty rate, deployability (local, regional, global Intensive Observation Period (IOP) Fleet Size/Mix = platform collaborations Mother/daughter = “local” ops Formation Flight = “Local Ops” “Local” = LOS OnBoard = IMM – Intelligent Mission Management (cont. management), Level of Autonomy Ground Station = dedicated GCS with data “network” IA Collaboration = Ops - contract vehicles/ FLT services – “low” R&D – joint NASA/NOAA/DOE – “oftens”/high (e.g. NASA operates platform) Air Space – “File & Fly” (globally, equivalent to piloted) Affordability = ACQ = f(capability) OPS = $400/hour Multi A/C per operator

28. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 28 Technology – Integrated Observing Operations Integrate ground, sub-orbital and orbital observation systems Weather Forecasting: event-driven vs. continuous Fill data voids (routine) – 4D sounding over ocean and high latitudes Bases should be distributed appropriately (100’s of observations per day) Launch UAV’s on regular schedule, adjustable tracks, from surface to thousands of meters Severe Weather – Surge of extra vehicles Consistencies Across Focus Areas Long Endurance Remote and/or dangerous areas Similar data types State quantities Chemical compounds Link satellite and surface data Measure similar parameters How does UAV integration differ from existing field operations? Safety and regulatory issues not uniformly settled or addressed globally Integration with manned aircraft (safety) Extended UAV endurance – 24-7 if possible 24-7 staff on ground Satellite data link – SMB/s Extensive onboard storage Hazardous conditions ok away from people Proactively address safety/regulation as NASA: UNITE/ACCESS 5

29. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 29 Technology - Data Weather Forecasting (Short-term) Chemistry (Mid-term) Climate Change (Long-term) Episodic (IOP) StandardsDepends on InstrumentSurvey existing standards Scientific UsesWeather forecastingGCM trendsTransport and process models Long-term trend models Varies ProcessingSustained Timely: < 3hours RF to target for adaptive measurements Reas.: < 3months < 3months Integration End UserData Assim. CentersGCM Community Chemists Not yet for regulators Survey End Users Expand End Users ArchivingLevel 0 data need to be archived Quality-controlled dataMetadata are critical Long-term stability NMO Best Practices Survey End Users Expand End Users Start with existing standards for A/C WMO, BUFR or EOS USP Community Formats – spatial & temporal tagging Must survey end users for standards, storage and archiving needs. Learn from the past – there is never sufficient funds allocated for data acquisition analysis and archiving Downloading data from remote locations

30. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 30 Technology - Communications End Users AccessTimelinessRangeData Volume Operational Modeling Centers Real timeLongLow PublicSecurityReal time – Days Model Developers Days – MonthsMediumHigh ResearcherSecurityReal time – Days MediumHigh Disaster Managers SecurityReal timeShort – Medium Medium UAV Operators Real timeShort - LongLow Standards – There are no new data from UAV’s. Standards are in place. Bandwidth – Some tradeoff between bandwidth and on-board processing There are limitations to bandwidth based on telemetry. Scenarios Weather Prediction Low bandwidth and volume Real time Researchers / Disaster Management Real Time Med-High bandwidth Researchers / Model Developers Very high data volume Not real time

31. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 31 Gaps, Roadmaps & Vision: Overview Context In the final two rounds of work, teams focused on a variety of topics. Several groups worked to identify technology gaps and to develop roadmaps to address those gaps. Other teams worked on the vision for a joint program, innovative uses for UAV’s, developing responses to an RFI based on the work of this session, and next steps. The output of the last two rounds is represented in the following slides.

32. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 32 Gaps & Roadmaps – Platform Gap – Atmospheric Chemistry Consolidated Regional Survey Altitude: 0 – 5km Payload: 250kgm (remote) / 5-40kgm (In situ) Speed: ~50-100 knots Range: Local Duration: 1-5 days 2-ship pair? Gap – Carbon Cycle Altitude: 20m – 5km Payload: 100kgm Speed: 100-200 knots Range: 10,000km Duration: multi-day All-weather – Icing & Turbulence Maneuverable for terrain avoidance Gap – Data Relay / Hurricane Monitoring Altitude: >20km Payload: 200kgm (Data link & dropsondes) Speed: Maintain station 99.9% Range: Global / +/- 30 degrees latitude Duration: Continuous Low Cost: ~ $100 / flight hour Gap – Polar Altitude: 1-18 km Payload: 500-1000kgm (remote) / 25-30kgm (In situ) Speed: 100-400 knots Range: 10,000km - ? Duration: Months! Overarching Issues Cost per hour =mass/endurance, utilization # people Availability Other demands Basing OPS “We considered the gaps for airframes/platforms. We looked at in situ vs. remote, large vs. small, fast vs long. It takes more people to fly a UAV than it does a manned vehicle. All of these things add cost to ownership. A big multi-use UAV where you can trade out instruments will be a lower cost situation. Finding a common instrument interface is very important and probably a gap we need to think about. If you have a unique mission where things are integrated into the payload, it's better to make lots of them and be able to use and lose them. Environmentally you may not be able to lose them as much as you might want. The cost per hour of use will vary with the mass divided by the utilization of the unit. The longer it flies the less time there is to work on it. The higher utilization of the unit, the longer the amortization. The big problem is the availability. “

33. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 33 Gaps & Roadmaps – Instruments Sensor TypeCurrently Exists Needs to be Re-engineered New Technology Active Remote Cloud Lidar Ozone Lidar Aerosol Lidar Cloud Radar SAR GPS* Water Lidar Temperature Lidar Precipication Radar Vegetation Lidar Wind Lidar Passive Remote NADIR (Microwave) NADIR (???scoptical) Scanning (??roptical) Radiative Flux In Situ

34. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 34 Gaps & Roadmaps – DataComm Requirements AC control OTH/LOS – Redundant Telepresence Instrument control Data Download (Not necessary to encrypt) Instrument health Target opportunities / Phenomenology Gap Never enough comms Polar region > 200kbps Commercial Standard ConsistentOn-board processing & bandwidth management BLOS RF Link Technology Today LOS/BLOSTRDSS Inmarsat Iridium MIL STD? FIPS 140-1 DOD UNET ARDEM CDL PacketeerGlobal Hawk Issue Bandwidth Constraint Global Connectivity Security / Information Assurance System Architecture & Standards Defined Adaptive (Comm management) Link Quality Reliability Error rate Availability Integrity Fault-Tolerant Networking Assumption: Enough on-board storage Consideration: Some countries may not want data publicly available (e.g. Eastern Europe, Asia, China)

35. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 35 Ideas for NASA – NOAA – DOE Joint Efforts Joint Program Science Goals Weather – Improve 1-14 day forecast Climate Demo of Platform and Sensor Capability Emergency Response (DHS, Wildfire) Approach Multiple platform types Aerosond Hale ROA Test Dallgater concept (?) Cooperation with International Organizations e.g. THORPex & IPY Comparison to Satellites (e.g. things satellites do not do well) Joint Campaigns with multiple platform capabilities Roles All 3 agencies have complementary roles NASA – Technology provider & developer NOAA – Operational user DOE – Research use All – Instruments, science & mission requirements Observations Weather Adaptive Observations in NE Pacific Model-driven Fast response (24 ours) Consistent with THORPex Hurricanes Arctic – adaptive observations Climate Arctic Full Atmosphere Characterization All weather Eulerian and Iangrangian Surface Characterization Area, Depth, Density of ice Snow/water equivalent Openings, free water Carbon Tundra, High Latitude, Inaccessible Areas Emergency Response Plume characterization

36. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 36 Ideas for Innovative Uses of UAV’s Contingency Deployment Urban emergencies Natural disasters Adaptive Observations Multi-use Systems Combined missions Border surveillance Communication relay Weather surveillance Education mission monitoring (Cameras & web page) Outreach Miniaturization / Cost Reduction Instrumentation Flight platform – frangible (?) (size) UAV Ensembles Swarms Parent/Child Sampling upward – deploying inexpensive rocket sonde Dispersive platforms (break apart, come together) Deployment from piloted aircraft Peer to Peer Transmission Strat. Ruggedized Platforms De-icing Thunderstorm Penetration Adaptable aerodynamics Interactive Mission Requests Queued priorities Intelligent Phenomenological Monitoring Fronts Plumes Power Alternatives Soaring exploitation Piezio electric Space Environment Monitoring Planetary missions Extreme upper atmosphere sampling Surface Sampling – UAV Lands VSTOL Ice/Water Landsurface Inflight Refueling Extended Missions Fleet Support Tethered Platforms Fixed urban obs with vertical crawler Environmental remote sensing Data Processing on UAV Transmission efficiency

37. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 37 UAV-Enabled Global Observation System Suggested Approach Systems engineering approach Proof of concept demos Mixed platform approach Develop CBNOPS Integrate with satellites & ground demo Integrate with other US agencies and international agencies Potential Benefits Risk reduction to CCSP Allows science unavailable from satellites or instead of satellites Increases the value of satellites Performance Capability Objectives Safe & efficient Grid-based sustained measurement system Data and ops needs to be networked with ground, UAV’s and satellites System needs to be able to support vertical profiles 0-100,000ft Dropsondes, MEMS Altitude change Long endurance > 24hours Deployable – world wide coverage Flexible & adaptable observations Complementary platform & solutions (hi & low speed) Global airspace operations Relationship to National Priorities Climate change science program Global Earth Observation System (GEOSS) OSTP R&D Guidelines HS Network & Info technology Namu Climate & water ** Hydrogen fuel cells Relationship to Existing Programs Vehicle systems programs VPDO Access 5/UNITE FAA DOD UAV roadmap Relationship to Exploration Vision Tech spinoff to PFV 100k vehicle similar to Mars On-board data/science processing Autonomy Technology Gaps Communication bandwidth over the poles Sensors sized to fit in UAV’s (size, mass, power) Robust UAV’s (icing and storm penetration) Propulsion & Power Autonomy

38. Utilization of UAV’s for Global Climate Change Research Workshop 2 – Boulder, Colorado – December 7-8, 2004 38 Ideas for Next Steps Get Senior Management Buy-In for a FY07 New Initiative 1.Establish IPDO-like organization to capture resources 2.Vision statement – function of societal/economic impact 3.Mission needs statement 4.Identify and include stakeholders 5.Recruit advocates Other Ideas for Next Steps Get Senior Management buy-in Get Science Committee buy-in Get INO buy-in Identify high level requirements Prioritize science needs as a function of scientific impacts Identify stakeholders Identify capabilities Develop technology gaps and roadmaps Risk assessments Identify barriers Perform analyses of alternatives Perform proof of concept demos & pilot projects Define success criteria Establish milestones & project structure Training and marketing Create joint organization Identify and coordinate existing efforts that contribute to our goals Stoke the energy!