1. Thrust II - PV System Monitoring Deliverables Promised vs. Accomplishments ProposedAccomplishedTarget Date Use TEP solar test yard a lab.12 students installed 150 sensors on 22 PV systems & archive & stream data online for research use. May 2012: 70% done. now upgrading Address TEP large-system research questions Fluctuation analysis; Forecasting; Smart Grid Studies; Regional studies. May 2012: 50% done TUV Outdoor monitoring New monitoring service now availableMay 2012: 100% done Report Energy Yields, Degradation Rates, Forecasting Technologies 2 publications in 2010 5 publications in 2011 10 Publications in 2012 May 2012: 80% done Evaluate new PV technologiesWorking with 8 corporate affiliates. Helping with 4 other test yards. May 2012: 50% done Updated 4/9/2012 By Alex Cronin

2. System Monitoring consists of: Utility grade power meter reports Watt-hour increments of ac-energy yield New AC-power monitoring circuit boards installed. New DC power monitoring by improved shunt resistors Module temperatures are monitored Measurements every 1-second are logged by New LabJack hardware & LabView code. New Irradiance sensors GHI, POA, DNI Twenty four copies of hardware designed, assembled, programmed, and installed. Data sent every 5 minutes to an SQL database at the UofA. reports Vdc Idc Vac Iac phase angle, environmental conditions Data are distributed on-line at www.UAPV.org inewww.UAPV.org New Projects: IV-curves for studying degradation & forecasting Forecasting Camera – and cloud tracking algorithm Distributed generation data New PV test yards: Rosemont, UASTP, Biosphere2, All of Tucson PV System Monitoring Updated 4/9/2012 9 new slides show these 4 new projects

3. 8 Sanyo Modules HIP-G751BA2 P max = 148 W in the field Nameplate P STC = 167 W 9 Sharp modules NEQ5E2U P max = 96 to 147 W in field Nameplate P STC = 165 W Nameplate P STC = 45 W Shading From Overhead cables Shade Effects 16 CIGS modules P max =15 to 32 W in field IV Curves from 6-yr old modules New Project 2012

4. Fast Transient Studies Project started 2011 AC power has 80% dropouts in 5 seconds. DC current (not V) fluctuates. 10/24/2011, Cronin gave a seminar at the ACC on “How much Energy Storage will we need?” using data on fluctuations. Motivates better forecasting.

5. 30 hour in advance WRF forecasts are impressive over large scales. But validation with PV data shows a need for better cloud forecasts GHI forecast (-30 hrs) DNI forecast (-30 hrs) Satellite image (0 hrs) Forecasting Cloud Events New Project 2012

6. Cloud camera frame and video analysis to estimate cloud velocities. Cloud arrival time can be predicted 10 minutes in advance. This provides an early warning for power plant outages. Forecasting Cloud Events New Project 2012

7. PV data from 150 rooftops Petra modules @ azimuths Distributed Generation Data New Project 2012

8. Forecasts based on DG New Project 2012

9. Site ASite B Site C Site D Site E Rosemont Copper Solar Proving Ground started in 2011

10. Site A: Parsons Electric  40 Energy Innovations Sunflower modules  2-axis tracking, high concentrating PV system  10.8kW rated dc power -Inverter purposely undersized Site B: EmpireCAT  84 Kyocera KD235GX-LFB modules  1-axis tracking, crystalline PV system  19.7kW rated dc power Site C: Solar Gain  336 QS Solar modules  Fixed tilt, amorphous-Si PV  20.7kw rated dc power Site D: Solar Gain  70 GSE Power Flex BIPV modules  Fixed geomembrane, Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide (CIGS) PV  17.3kw rated dc power -Some PV not well adhered to membrane Site E: Solon  72 Solon Black 280/09 modules  Fixed tilt, crystalline silicon PV  19.4kw rated dc power -Inverter purposely undersized -Early evening shading noticed -System oriented West of South 5 December 2011May contain confidential information Rosemont Copper Solar Proving Ground started in 2011

11. More Solar Test Yards New slide 2012 UA tech park UA Biosphere2

12. TEP PV test yard, Tucson AZ 22 grid-tied PV systems studied Tours for over 2000 people Slide from 2011

13. New Technologies we are Field-Testing Novel Thin Film BIPV deployments High Concentration (1000x) PV Holographic PV concentrators Slide from 2011

14. AC Output every minute shown for 2 days: Data on-line at: www.UAPV.org Example Data Slide from 2011

15. Daily output from a 1.5 kW PV system Average Yield = 5.3 h/day = 1935 kwh/kw/yr Example Historical Data Slide from 2011

16. Principal Investigators: Alex Cronin, Ray Kostuk Students: Adria Brooks, Tucker Bundgard, Alex Hickey, Daniel Cormode, Deanna Lewis, Nick Davidson, James Greenberg, Sarah Jones, Ryan Price, Vincent Lonij, Sean Osbourne, Steve Pulver, Michael St. Germaine, Anna Woschuitz, Niket Thakkar, Jose Castro, Derek Zhang, Emily Kopp, Patty Hidalgo-Gonzalez (20 total) Collaborators: Tucson Electric Power (TEP), AZRISE, Biosphere 2, SOLON Corporation, NREL, University of Arizona Graduate College, Science Foundation Arizona, NASA Space Grant Consortium, Global Solar, Prism Solar Technologies, Rosemont Copper, Semprius Inc., Rehnu inc., Green Volts, Freeport MacMoRan, Skyline Inc., SunPower, GreenVolts Inc, Amonix, Fotowatio (FRV), Technicians for Sustainability (TFS) (21 total) Thrust II – Participants at UA Updated 4/9/2012

17. V.T. Jayadevan, J. Rodriguez, V.P.A.Lonij, and A.D. Cronin, “Forecasting solar power intermittency using ground-based cloud imaging,” 7-pg. manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of American Solar Energy Society (ASES) meeting (2012) V.P.A. Lonij, A.E. Brooks, J. Greenberg, S. Orsburn, A.D. Cronin, and G. Torres, “Field performance measurements of new and traditional PV technologies” 8-pg. manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of American Solar Energy Society (ASES) meeting (2012) A.E. Brooks, V.P.A. Lonij, A.D. Cronin, R.K.Kostuk, J.M. Russo, D.Zhang, S.Vorndran, “One year of field studies of holographic planar concentrators at the Tucson Electric Power solar test yard” 8-pg. manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of American Solar Energy Society (ASES) meeting (2012) A.E. Brooks, N. Allen, V.P Lonij, and A.D. Cronin, “Evaluation of four geomembrane mounted PV systems for land reclamation in southern Arizona,” manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC) (2012) V.P. Lonij, V.T. Jayadevan, A.E. Brooks, K. Koch, M. Leuthold, and A.D. Cronin, “Improving forecasts of PV power output using real-time measurements of PV output of 100 residential PV installs,” 3-pg. manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC) (2012) E.S. Kopp, P.L. Hidalgo-Gonzalez, A.E. Brooks, V.P.Lonij, and A.D. Cronin, “I-V curves from 300 modules deployed over 5-years in Tucson,” 3-pg manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference(PVSC) (2012) V.P.Lonij, A.E.Brooks, K. Koch, and A.D. Cronin, “Analysis of 100 rooftop PV systems in the Tucson, AZ area,” 3-pg manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC) (2012) J.Russo, D. Zhang, M. Gordon, S. Vorndran, J. Castillo, A. Brooks, V. Lonij, A. Cronin, and R.Kostuk, “Characterization of diffuse anisotropic illumination effects to the output of bifacial and holographic planar concentrating photovoltaic panel configurations,” 3-pg manuscript submitted for publication in the proceedings of IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC) (2012) P.L. Hidalgo-Gonzalez, A.E. Brooks, E.S.Kopp, V.P.Lonij, and A.D.Cronin, “String-level (Kw-scale) IV curves from different types of PV modules under partial shade,” 3-pg manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC) (2012) Plus: 4 Progress reports to affiliates, 2 new NSF proposals, 6 new WEES (UA TRIF) Proposals Thrust II New publications in 2012 Updated 4/9/2012

18.  N.Thakkar, A. Cronin, D. Cormode, V. Lonij, “A Simple Nonlinear Model for the Effect of Partial Shade”, 35th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, Honolulu, HI 2010.  S. Pulver, D. Cormode, A. Cronin, D. Jordan, S. Kurtz, R. Smith, “Measuring Degradation Rates Without Irradiance Data”, 35th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, Honolulu, HI (2010).  D. Zhang, J. Castro, and R. K. Kostuk, ``One-Axis Tracking Holographic Planar Concentrator Systems,’’ submitted to Applied Optics November 2010.  J. M. Castro, D. Zhang, B. Myer, and R. K. Kostuk, “Energy collection efficiency of holographic planar concentrators,” Appl. Opt., vol. 49, pp. 858- 870, Feb. 2010.  R. K. Kostuk, J. Castro, and D. Zhang, ``Energy collection efficiency of low concentration holographic planar concentrators,’’ SPIE Optics + Photonics, paper7769-01, San Diego, CA. Aug. 1-5, 2010 (Keynote Presentation).  J. M. Castro, D. Zhang, and R. K. Kostuk, ``Planar holographic solar concentrators for low and medium ratio concentration systems,’’ OSA Optics and Photonics Conference, Optics for Solar Energy, paper STuB3, 7-9 June 2010.  D. Zhang, J. M. Castro, and R. K. Kostuk, ``Commercial CIGS solar cells for concentrator applications,’’ OSA Optics and Photonics Conference, Optics for Solar Energy, paper SWD2, 7-9 June 2010.  J. E. Castillo, J. M. Russo, R. K. Kostuk. G. A. Rosenberg, “Thermal effects of the extended holographic regions for holographic planar concentrator”, Journal of Photonics for Energy, accepted (2011)  A. Cronin, “Memo to TEP: RE: New derating chart for non-tracking PV systems” internal document 2011 Cronin,  V.Lonij, and A.Brooks “Performance Reviews From The Tucson Electric Power Solar Test Yard” Submitted to the IEEE PVSC 2011  A. Cronin, J. E. Castillo, P. Hauser, G. Rosenberg, R. Kumar, R.K. Kostuk, D. Zhang, J. M. Russo, S. Vorndran, V. Lonij, A. Brooks, “Holographic CPV Field Tests At The Tucson Electric Power Solar Test Yard” submitted to the IEEE PVSC 2011  K. Ghosal, S. Burroughs, D. Lilly J. Gabriel, A. Cronin, A. Brooks, V. Lonji, P. Krause, M. Fiedler, C. Lindsey And S. Metzger “ On sun Performance Of A Novel Microcell Based Hcpv System Based In Tuscon: Comparison With Conventional Systems” submitted to IEEE PVSC 2011 Thrust II publications in 2010-2011 Slide from 2011

19. PEPER Thrust II is helping Arizona - We work with companies to create products and jobs Company No. of Student-semesters Jobs Created Global Solar (Tucson based CIGS mfgr) 6 Prism Solar (Tucson based CPV mgfr)205 Semprius Inc (Demonstration CPV unit at TEP) 61 Technicians for Sustainability (Tucson PV installer) 3 NREL 51 Tucson Electric Power 32 Rosemont Copper 41 Biosphere 2 161 SunPower 4 Totals:969 {Number of student-semesters directly supported by PEPER: 5} Funding also comes from companies above and: NSF, UofA, AZRISE, NASA Thrust II Benefits to Arizona Updated 4/9/2012