1. The pH Scale

2. LecturePLUS Timberlake2 pH Indicates the acidity [H 3 O + ] of the solution pH = - log [H 3 O + ] From the French pouvoir hydrogene ( “ hydrogen power ” or power of hydrogen)

3. LecturePLUS Timberlake3 In the expression for [H 3 O + ] 1 x 10 -exponent the exponent = pH [H 3 O + ] = 1 x 10 -pH M pH

4. LecturePLUS Timberlake4 pH Range 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Neutral [H + ] > [OH - ] [H + ] = [OH - ] [OH - ] > [H + ] Acidic Basic

5. LecturePLUS Timberlake5 Some [H 3 O + ] and pH [H 3 O + ] pH 1 x 10 -5 M 5 1 x 10 -9 M 9 1 x 10 -11 M 11

6. LecturePLUS Timberlake6 pH of Some Common Acids gastric juice1.0 lemon juice2.3 vinegar2.8 orange juice3.5 coffee5.0 milk6.6

7. LecturePLUS Timberlake7 pH of Some Common Bases blood 7.4 tears 7.4 seawater 8.4 milk of magnesia10.6 household ammonia11.0

8. LecturePLUS Timberlake8 pH on the Calculator [H 3 O + ] is 4.5 x 10 -6 M pH = 4.5 x EXP(or EE) 6+/- LOG +/- = 5.35

9. LecturePLUS Timberlake9 Acid Rain Unpolluted rain has a pH of 5.6 Rain with a pH below 5.6 is “ acid rain “ CO 2 in the air forms carbonic acid CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 Adds to H + of rain H 2 CO 3 H + (aq) + HCO 3 -(aq) Formation of acid rain: 1. Emission of sulfur and nitrogen oxides from the burning of fuels expecially coal with high S content, power stations, oil refineries, vehicles as well as bacterial decomposition, and lighting hitting N 2 SO 2 26 million tons in 1980 NO and NO 2 22 million tons in 1980 Mt. St Helens (1980) 400,000 tons SO 2 2. Reactions in the atmosphere form SO 3 2SO 2 + O 2  2 SO 3 3. Reactions with atmosphere water form acids SO 3 + H 2 O  H 2 SO 4 sulfuric acid NO + H 2 O  HNO 2 nitrous acid HNO 2 + H 2 O  HNO 3 nitric acid 4. Effects of Acid Rain Decline in fish populations in rivers and lasts due to toxic effect of Al leached from soil by acid rain Extensive fish kills in spring from runoff due to accumulation of large amounts of acid on the snow Dissolves minerals Mg, Ca, and K from the soil and waxy coatings that protect leaves from bacteria Corrodes metals, textiles, paper and leather

10. LecturePLUS Timberlake10 Sources of Acid Rain Power stations Oil refineries Coal with high S content Car and truck emissions Bacterial decomposition, and lighting hitting N 2

11. LecturePLUS Timberlake11 SO 2 26 million tons in 1980 NO and NO 2 22 million tons in 1980 Mt. St Helens (1980) 400,000 tons SO 2 Reactions with oxygen in air form SO 3 2SO 2 + O 2 2 SO 3 Reactions with water in air form acids SO 3 + H 2 O H 2 SO 4 sulfuric acid NO + H 2 O HNO 2 nitrous acid HNO 2 + H 2 O HNO 3 nitric acid

12. LecturePLUS Timberlake12 Effects of Acid Rain Leaches Al from soil, which kills fish Fish kills in spring from runoff due to accumulation of large amounts of acid in snow Dissolves waxy coatings that protect leaves from bacteria Corrodes metals, textiles, paper and leather