1. SSWG4: The student will describe the interaction of physical and human systems that have shaped contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa.
Sub-Saharan Africa

2. Standard Covered
a. Describe the location of major physical features and their impact on Sub-Saharan Africa.

3. Bell Ringer:
List what you already know about the continent of Africa, think about the physical geography:
List what you would like to know about Africa:

4. Africa Includes 48 countries 1/5 of earth’s total land area
Is world’s second largest continent

6. Africa
Separating the plateaus are steep cliffs or slopes called escarpments.
A steep slope with a nearly flat plateau on top
Cataracts, thundering waterfalls fall over the escarpment

7. Escarpment

8. Cataract

9. Africa
Mount Kilimanjaro is Africa’s highest mountain and is located in Tanzania.
Mt. Kilimanjaro is located on the edge of the Great Rift Valley (it is believed to have emerged during Pangaea
What is Pangaea?

10. Great Rift Valley The Great Rift Valley divides Kenya in half
Faults are cracks in the land; caused by pressure on the land resulted in the formation of mountains.

11. Lake Victoria
Lake Victoria is the second largest freshwater lake in the world, surrounded by Kenya, Tanzania, & Uganda
What affect does Lake Victoria have on those 3 countries?

12. Water 4 rivers slice through Africa: the Nile, Congo, Niger, & Zambezi
Longest river system south of the Sahara is the Congo River (2100 miles long)
10,000 gallons of water flow through the Congo each second

13. Victoria Falls
Victoria Falls is the highest waterfall in Africa; discovered by British explorer David Livingston who named it after Queen Victoria.
The native people call is Mosi-oa-Tunya which means “the smoke that thunders”

14. Victoria Falls

15. Escarpments

16. Serengeti Plain

17. Kalahari Desert

18. Cataracts

19. Resources
Africa’s minerals make it one of the world’s richest continents.
Diamonds, gold, copper, platinum, chromium, cobalt, copper, phosphates, and oil are important natural resources in this region
More than 1/3 of the world’s gold comes from South Africa along with 4/5 of the worlds platinum.

20. Resources
Uses

21. Essential Question
How has Africa’s physical geography affected its ability to use its resources for economic development?

22. Pg. 419
Map and Graph Skills
1-3

23. Standard Covered
b. Describe the major climates of Sub-Saharan Africa and how they have affected the development of Sub-Saharan Africa.

24. Climate
Three tropical latitudes define the region: the Tropic of Capricorn, Tropic of Cancer, and the Equator
No other continent touches all 3 zones

25. Climate Wetter climates are found along escarpments
Deserts cover a larger percentage of Africa than any other continent (2/5 of the total land area)

26. Deserts
Little rain falls on the deserts; temperatures range from 120o during the day and 50o or lower at night
The Kalahari desert covers most of Botswana

27. Climate
To protect wildlife, governments have created a huge game preserve such as Tanzania’s Serengeti Plains and Kenya’s Nairobi National Park.
Savannas, tropical grasslands containing scattered trees

28. Standard Covered
c. Describe the pattern of population distribution in the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa in relation to urbanization and modernization.

29. Economic Problems
Sub-Saharan Africans suffers the lowest standards of living in the world.
The 625 million people of the region generate a combined gross domestic product (GDP),total output of goods and services within a country or region, of about $150 billion, this is roughly the same GDP as Belgium, a country in Europe with about 10 million people

30. Standard Covered
e. Analyze how the migration of people such as the Bantu and Zulu has had an impact on the economic, cultural, and political aspects of Sub-Saharan Africa.

31. Bantu Patterns
Africa
Bantu Migrations

32. 1. Bantu People
These Bantu people probably originated in eastern Nigeria in west Africa…
1. Was a group of individuals who spoke the same language
Refered to themselves as Bantu meaning “persons” or “people”

33. Question What does all Bantu people have in common?
What does the term Bantu mean?

34. Bantu Migrations
Bantu migrations were not mass movements of people but a gradual occurrence
By 3000BC they were slowly spreading south into the West African forest, and after 2000BC they expanded rapidly to the south toward the Congo River basin and east toward the great Lakes…

35. 2. Key to African History
Their languages differentiated into more than five hundred distinct but related tongues
Today more than 90 million people speak Bantu languages

36. Question
How many people speak Bantu languages today?

37. Lasting Affects
Two features of Bantu society were especially important for the earliest migrations
Bantu peoples made effective use of canoes
Agricultural surpluses enabled the Bantu population to increase more rapidly than the populations of hunting, gathering, and fishing peoples
Why would surplus enable population to increase?

38. Bantu Migrations
After about 1000BC the pace of Bantu migrations quickened, as Bantu peoples began to produce iron tools and weapons
Enabled Bantu cultivators to clear land
How would iron aid in the spread of Bantu people?

39. Standard Covered
f. Analyze strengths and weaknesses in the development of Sub-Saharan Africa; include factors such as linguistic, tribal, and religious diversity; literacy levels; and the colonial legacy.

40. Ethnic groups
In the mid-1800s, central Africa consisted of hundreds of different ethnic groups, which followed traditional religions and spoke hundreds of different languages
Europeans had been in Africa since the mid-15th century but had stayed on the coast
3. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to become a part of the slave trade.

41. Colonization Begins
King Leopold II of Belgium developed an interest in the Congo after it had been explored in the 1870s.
6. He changed the way Europeans viewed Africa by going into the interior of Africa for trade

42. 7. Why is he pictured as a snake?
He used forced labor to take goods from the Congo.
He is estimated to have killed around 10 million people.
If quotas weren’t met he would use cruel punishments like beatings and amputations.

43. Colonialism
In the 19th century, Europe’s industrialized nations became interested in Africa’s raw materials. European nations wanted to colonize and control parts of Africa to obtain those resources
To prevent European wars over Africa 14 nations convened the Berlin Conference in to lay down the rules of dividing Africa..

44. Berlin Conference
Divided Africa without regard to where African ethnic or linguistic groups were.
Division of Africa is often cited as one of the root causes of the political violence and ethnic conflicts in Africa.

45. Conflict Begins
By the 1970s, most of Africa had regained independence from Europe. However, internal disputes and civil wars became a serious problem.
For example, colonialism inflamed the peoples of Rwanda and helped to cause a bloody conflict in the 1990s.

46. Colonial Legacy
Before
After

47. Colonial Legacy
Colonial legacy has created many problems for African nations
Misplaced political boundaries
Underdevelopment
Lack of political experience
Rise of military dictatorships

48. Apartheid
In South Africa, the white dominated government enforced a policy known as apartheid-strict separation of the races
Similar to Jim Crow
Laws denied blacks political rights and forced them to live in separate areas
People protested for many years

49. Apartheid Apartheid ended in 1991
1994, held its first election based on universal suffrage – equal voting rights for all ethnic groups
Nelson Mandela was later elected as South Africa’s first black president

50. Pg. 457
2-4

51. Urbanization
Although Africa is the least urbanized of any continent, it is urbanizing at the world’s fastest rate.
How is this possible?
Most of the major cities lie along the coast or next to large rivers.

52. Urbanization Urbanization, the movement of people to cities.
Why would people move to cities?
There are many ethnic groups in this region
Together, Africans speak more than 800 languages and numerous dialects.

53. Education
Since independence, more children are going to school and the literacy rate is rising
Literacy rate in sub-Saharan Africa is the lowest in the world
Why do you think this is the case?

54. Population
In recent years, huge expanses of land have been exhausted through intensive cultivation, loss of soil fertility and crippling droughts.
What affect could these events have on a population?

55. Population
Famine and poor nutrition claims many lives, especially infants and young children.
Impure water is one common cause of death ( only about 40% of Sub-Saharan Africans have clean water to drink.)

56. Healthcare Sub-Saharan Africa face many health care problems.
The most critical is acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which spread throughout Africa in the 1980s and 90s
Sub-Saharan Africa suffers the lowest standards of living in the world

57. AIDS
AIDS has become a pandemic, an uncontrollable outbreak of a disease affecting a large population over a wide geographic area
Medical geographers predict that the populations of Africa’s worst affected countries could decline by percent.

58. AIDS In 2000 AIDS took the lives of 3 million people worldwide
2.4 million were in sub-Saharan Africa
In Swaziland, 3 out of 4 deaths are because of AIDS
Life expectancy dropped from 58 to 39

59. Writing Prompt
Using the knowledge that you know about AIDS and the issues in Africa, explain why YOU THINK, this has become such a pandemic. (5-7 sentences)

60. Diseases African nations are threatened by a variety of diseases.
Cholera
Malaria
Tuberculosis

61. Cholera
Cholera, is an infection that comes from inadequate sanitation and lack of clean water.
Infection of the small intestine, leads to watery diarrhea.

62. Malaria
Mosquitoes carry malaria, an infectious disease marked by chills and fevers
Muscle pains, fever, bloody stool

63. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a respiratory infection spread between humans
Cough, coughing up blood, fevers

64. Standard Covered
h. Analyze the impact of drought and desertification on Sub-Saharan Africa.

65. Desertification Sahel means “shore of the desert” in Arabic
The shift of the desert is called desertification.
Desertification is an expansion of dry conditions in to moist areas that are next to deserts
Around 2000 B.C., the Sahara began to grow warmer and drier
People began to migrate, causing cultural diffusion.

66. Desertification Causes:
overgrazing of vegetation by livestock exposes the soil
animals also trample the soil, making it more vulnerable to erosion.
Farming
when farmers clear the land to plant crops, they expose the soil to wind, which can cause erosion
Increasing population
More people require more food. As a result, farmers continue to clear more land for crops and burn more wood for fuel

67. Oil
More than 4,000 oil spills have occurred in the Niger delta in the last 40 years
Results in fires causing acid rain which leads to respiratory problems
Between 98 and 2000 pipeline explosions killed more than 2,000 people
Many of these were done on purpose