1. The Transformation of Surgery

2. The Transformation of Surgery
IWB – Each pupil in class writes something that they know/remember from what they have already studied about the transformation of surgery [Challenge & Stretch – push pupils to expand on their choices e.g. if pupil writes Humphrey Day – push pupil to expand e.g. what did he do? and pupil to add this to mind map]. [Scaffolding: pupils can use previous slide photos/pictures to help them] (If IWB not working – pupils can use post it notes to stick on board.)

3. The Really Bloody History of Surgery
After the summer holidays, we need to refresh our memory about the history of surgery.
Watch the video and fill in the answers on your question sheet.
You will have to be quick!
Video Quiz Question Sheet (The Really Bloody History of Surgery (Question Sheet).docx)

4. Embed video; http://www. youtube. com/watch
Video taken from YouTube:

5. The Really Bloody History of Surgery
Swap your quiz with your partner.
Use a green pen to mark it.
Fill in any missing answers and correct any wrong answers.
Target: 20/25
Video Quiz Answer Sheet (The Really Bloody History of Surgery (Answer Sheet).docx)

6. But even some of the solutions had problems…
Problems and Solutions
Pain
Anaesthetics
Infection
Antiseptics
Bleeding
Transfusions
But even some of the solutions had problems…

7. Anaesthetics Storyboard1. 2. 3.
Pupils to write a short sentence describing what is happening in the picture and explaining the links between the pictures (i.e. the story of the development of anaesthetics). [Scaffolding: Pupils can use their question sheet they completed to help them] 4.

8. Anaesthetics Storyboard
Before anaesthetics patients had to be restrained or held down due to the pain of surgery.
In 1799 Humphrey Davy discovered Nitrous Oxide (laughing gas) could be used to help with pain relief.
BUT…it did not work on everyone and some people were still in agony during surgery.
Ether was first used in the UK by Robert Liston, and he successfully amputated a leg using it as an anaesthetic.
Pupils to write a short sentence describing what is happening in the picture and explaining the links between the pictures (i.e. the story of the development of anaesthetics). [Scaffolding: Pupils can use their question sheet they completed to help them]

9. Anaesthetics Storyboard5. 6. 7.
Pupils to write a short sentence describing what is happening in the picture and explaining the links between the pictures (i.e. the story of the development of anaesthetics). [Scaffolding: Pupils can use their question sheet they completed to help them] 8.

10. Anaesthetics Storyboard
BUT…ether made patients cough a lot, and it was flammable.
James Simpson discovered chloroform in 1847.
He first tested it on his friends and found it to be an excellent anaesthetic.
However, a lot of patients died because they were given too much chloroform.
Pupils to write a short sentence describing what is happening in the picture and explaining the links between the pictures (i.e. the story of the development of anaesthetics). [Scaffolding: Pupils can use their question sheet they completed to help them]

11. Antiseptics Storyboard1. 2. 3.
Pupils to write a short sentence describing what is happening in the picture and explaining the links between the pictures (i.e. the story of the development of antiseptics). [Scaffolding: Pupils can use their question sheet they completed to help them] 4.

12. Antiseptics Storyboard
In early surgeries doctors would often operate in blood stained clothes and would not wash their instruments.
Louis Pasteur discovered microbes and wrote his Germ Theory of Disease.
Joseph Lister read Pasteur’s work and understood that germs were responsible for infection in surgeries.
Lister knew that carbolic acid was used to treat sewage and wondered if it could help prevent infection.
Pupils to write a short sentence describing what is happening in the picture and explaining the links between the pictures (i.e. the story of the development of anaesthetics). [Scaffolding: Pupils can use their question sheet they completed to help them]

13. Antiseptics Storyboard5. 6. 7.
Pupils to write a short sentence describing what is happening in the picture and explaining the links between the pictures (i.e. the story of the development of antiseptics).
[Scaffolding: Pupils can use their question sheet they completed to help them] 8.

14. Antiseptics Storyboard
Lister experimented using carbolic acid in an operation to repair a compound fracture – it was a success!
Lister developed a device (called the ‘donkey engine’) to spray carbolic acid in operating theatres.
Some doctors opposed the use of carbolic acid because they did not believe in germs and spraying the operating theatre was time consuming.
Some people opposed the use of carbolic acid simply because it was knew, but also because it would irritate the skin.
Pupils to write a short sentence describing what is happening in the picture and explaining the links between the pictures (i.e. the story of the development of anaesthetics). [Scaffolding: Pupils can use their question sheet they completed to help them]

15. Bleeding Storyboard 1. 2. 3. 5.
Pupils to write a short sentence describing what is happening in the picture and explaining the links between the pictures (i.e. the story of the development of antiseptics). [Scaffolding: Pupils can use their question sheet they completed to help them] 4.

16. Bleeding Storyboard
Early blood transfusions would often use animal blood which would not work.
Human transfusions were more successful but no one could explain why they sometimes worked and sometimes didn’t.
Blood groups were discovered in 1901 by Karl Landsteiner.
Transfusions were successful when the two people were of the same blood group.
If the two people were of different blood groups, the blood would clot and the patient would die.
Pupils to write a short sentence describing what is happening in the picture and explaining the links between the pictures (i.e. the story of the development of anaesthetics). [Scaffolding: Pupils can use their question sheet they completed to help them]

17. Well done!!